{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:29:45Z","timestamp":1787873385148,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003768","name":"University of Strasbourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-24-CE15-7754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-24-CE15-7754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003768","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Salmonella enterica, a prominent enteric pathogen, employs sophisticated iron acquisition mechanisms to overcome host-imposed iron limitation, notably through the production and uptake of siderophores\u2014small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds that scavenge iron from the host environment. In this study, we investigate how environmental pH influences Salmonella\u2019s preference for its endogenous siderophores versus exogenous siderophores within the physiological range of the gastrointestinal tract. Through competition assays, gene expression analysis, and siderophore quantification, we demonstrate that Salmonella increasingly relies on exogenous siderophores under acidic conditions. This shift is attributed to reduced production of its endogenous siderophores, enterobactin and salmochelin. Deletion of the sigma factor RpoS enhances iron acquisition through increased endogenous siderophore production at low pH, suggesting a role in iron homeostasis regulation. Our findings reveal a pH-dependent difference in Salmonella\u2019s iron acquisition strategy, highlighting the pathogen\u2019s versatility in nutrient acquisition across varying gastrointestinal conditions. This research provides insights into Salmonella\u2019s pathogenicity and may inform the development of targeted interventions for Salmonella infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:38:13Z","timestamp":1768394293000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    relies on siderophore exploitation at low pH"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0780-5249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manon","family":"Ferry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and cell signaling, University of Strasbourg CNRS, UMR7242, , 67412 Illkirch ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-3622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connor","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Health and Life Sciences Building, University of Reading , RG6 6BX Reading ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8351-1679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle J","family":"Schalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and cell signaling, University of Strasbourg CNRS, UMR7242, , 67412 Illkirch ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9930-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Cunrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and cell signaling, University of Strasbourg CNRS, UMR7242, , 67412 Illkirch ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7090768","article-title":"The siderophore transporters Sit1 and Sit2 are essential for utilization of ferrichrome-, ferrioxamine- and coprogen-type siderophores in Aspergillus fumigatus","volume":"7","author":"Aguiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2795(72)90283-8","article-title":"Lactoferrin and transferrin: a comparative study","volume":"257","author":"Aisen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Protein Structure"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib3","first-page":"239","article-title":"Coordination chemistry of siderophores: thermodynamics and kinetics of iron chelation and release","volume":"35","author":"Albrecht-Gary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Met Ions Biol Syst"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19630460435","article-title":"Hydroxamatkomplexe II. Die anwendung der pH-methode","volume":"46","author":"Anderegg","year":"1963","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16366-7","article-title":"Precise phylogenetic analysis of microbial isolates and genomes from metagenomes using PhyloPhlAn 3.0","volume":"11","author":"Asnicar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5471","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00391a039","article-title":"Ferric uptake regulation protein acts as a repressor, employing iron(II) as a cofactor to bind the operator of an iron transport operon in Escherichia coli","volume":"26","author":"Bagg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13307","article-title":"Expression of IroN, the salmochelin siderophore receptor, requires mRNA activation by RyhB small RNA homologues","volume":"100","author":"Balbont\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.05.022","article-title":"Liver-specific, but not retina-specific, hepcidin knockout causes retinal iron accumulation and degeneration","volume":"189","author":"Baumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.6.1446-1453.1998","article-title":"IroN, a novel outer membrane siderophore receptor characteristic of Salmonella enterica","volume":"180","author":"B\u00e4umler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9783-8","article-title":"Differences in trace metal concentrations (Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, And Ni) in whole blood, plasma, and urine of obese and nonobese children","volume":"155","author":"B\u0142a\u017cewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"Buchfink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829934","article-title":"A precious metal: iron, an essential nutrient for all cells","volume":"1","author":"Cairo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp348","article-title":"trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses","volume":"25","author":"Capella-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003456","article-title":"Comprehensive assignment of roles for Salmonella typhimurium genes in intestinal colonization of food-producing animals","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01819-2","article-title":"Efficient dual-negative selection for bacterial genome editing","volume":"20","author":"Cianfanelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.045","article-title":"Phenotypic variation of Salmonella in host tissues delays eradication by antimicrobial chemotherapy","volume":"158","author":"Claudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V68.3.726.726","article-title":"Estimates of iron sufficiency in the US population","volume":"68","author":"Cook","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax7898","article-title":"Host resistance factor SLC11A1 restricts Salmonella growth through magnesium deprivation","volume":"366","author":"Cunrath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uqab001","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqab001","article-title":"An overview of Salmonella enterica metal homeostasis pathways during infection","volume":"2","author":"Cunrath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microlife"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.06.007","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria reduce salmonella typhimurium intestinal colonization by competing for iron","volume":"14","author":"Deriu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408463102","article-title":"In vitro characterization of IroB, a pathogen-associated C -glycosyltransferase","volume":"102","author":"Fischbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604636103","article-title":"The pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster mediates bacterial evasion of lipocalin 2","volume":"103","author":"Fischbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron","volume":"432","author":"Flo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-140-2-341","article-title":"Regulatory circuits involved with pH-regulated gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"140","author":"Foster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892485","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.892485","article-title":"Editorial: microbial siderophores: biosynthesis, regulation, and physiological and ecological impacts","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00708-6","article-title":"The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition","volume":"10","author":"Goetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00053-4","article-title":"Siderophores as tools and treatments","volume":"2","author":"Gr\u00e4ff","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5683","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.178.19.5683-5691.1996","article-title":"The role of fur in the acid tolerance response of Salmonella typhimurium is physiologically and genetically separable from its role in iron acquisition","volume":"178","author":"Hall","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib29","first-page":"5","article-title":"Dihydroxybenzoylserine\u2013a siderophore for E. coli","volume":"55","author":"Hantke","year":"1990","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00100-8","article-title":"Is the bacterial ferrous iron transporter FeoB a living fossil?","volume":"11","author":"Hantke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6097","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00514a037","article-title":"Coordination chemistry of microbial iron transport compounds. 19. Stability constants and electrochemical behavior of ferric enterobactin and model complexes","volume":"101","author":"Harris","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.143.1.246-255.1980","article-title":"Iron transport in Escherichia coli: uptake and modification of ferrichrome","volume":"143","author":"Hartmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib33","first-page":"e00324","article-title":"Clostridioides difficile utilizes siderophores as an iron source and FhuDBGC contributes to ferrichrome uptake","author":"Hastie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5246-5255.2002","article-title":"The siderophore iron transporter of Candida albicans (Sit1p\/Arn1p) mediates uptake of ferrichrome-type siderophores and is required for epithelial invasion","volume":"70","author":"Heymann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20222","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500776200","article-title":"Binding of iron-free siderophore, a common feature of siderophore outer membrane transporters of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"280","author":"Hoegy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib36","first-page":"000499","article-title":"A comprehensive and high-quality collection of Escherichia coli genomes and their genes","volume":"7","author":"Horesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119","article-title":"Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification","volume":"11","author":"Hyatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10168","article-title":"Solution equilibria of deferoxamine amides","volume":"91","author":"Ihnat","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.12.3159-3166.2002","article-title":"SitABCD is the alkaline Mn 2+ transporter of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium","volume":"184","author":"Kehres","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.4.1610-1618.1999","article-title":"Ferrioxamine-mediated iron(III) utilization by Salmonella enterica","volume":"65","author":"Kingsley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0284-4","article-title":"Bacterial siderophores in community and host interactions","volume":"18","author":"Kramer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01825.x","article-title":"Identification of a central regulator of stationary-phase gene expression in Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Lange","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W293","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab301","article-title":"Interactive Tree of Life (iTOL) v5: an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation","volume":"49","author":"Letunic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgad079","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad079","article-title":"Acinetobacter baumannii adaptation to the host pH microenvironment is mediated by allelic variation in a single residue of BauA protein","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00005a008","article-title":"Solution equilibria of enterobactin and metal-enterobactin complexes","volume":"30","author":"Loomis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Inorg Chem"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.111.3.731-738.1972","article-title":"Iron uptake in Salmonella typhimurium\u202f: utilization of exogenous siderochromes as Iron carriers","volume":"111","author":"Luckey","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)67457-5","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of the gene for the ferrienterochelin receptor FepA in Escherichia coli. Homology among outer membrane receptors that interact with TonB","volume":"261","author":"Lundrigan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01774.x","article-title":"Identification of the Escherichia coli K-12 nramp orthologue (MntH) as a selective divalent metal ion transporter","volume":"35","author":"Makui","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0129076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129076","article-title":"Gastrointestinal pH and transit time profiling in healthy volunteers using the IntelliCap system confirms ileo-colonic release of ColoPulse tablets","volume":"10","author":"Maurer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(80)90112-9","article-title":"Comparative study of the iron-binding properties of human transferrins. I. Complete and sequential iron saturation and desaturation of the lactotransferrin","volume":"629","author":"Mazurier","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014General Subjects"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.6.707","article-title":"Mucosal surface pH of the large intestine of the rat and of normal and inflamed large intestine in man","volume":"28","author":"McNeil","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1891","article-title":"Human calprotectin is an iron-sequestering host-defense protein","volume":"11","author":"Nakashige","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.3.806-811.2002","article-title":"rpoS mutations and loss of general stress resistance in Escherichia coli populations as a consequence of conflict between competing stress responses","volume":"184","author":"Notley-McRobb","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib55","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Goods Exploitation Is Reduced in Species-rich Microbial Communities"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-023-02152-8","article-title":"Community composition drives siderophore dynamics in multispecies bacterial communities","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60225a033","article-title":"Siderophores in microbially processed cheese","volume":"27","author":"Ong","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-120215-035146","article-title":"Transition metals and virulence in bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.104.2.635-639.1970","article-title":"Iron transport in Salmonella typhimurium: mutants blocked in the biosynthesis of enterobactin","volume":"104","author":"Pollack","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-006-9071-6","article-title":"TonB-dependent energy transduction between outer and cytoplasmic membranes","volume":"20","author":"Postle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9490","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009490","article-title":"FastTree 2\u2013approximately maximum-likelihood trees for large alignments","volume":"5","author":"Price","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3610","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.11.3610-3612.1999","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium IroN and FepA proteins mediate uptake of enterobactin but differ in their specificity for other siderophores","volume":"181","author":"Rabsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.03.011","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 resistance confers an advantage to Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium for growth and survival in the inflamed intestine","volume":"5","author":"Raffatellu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630018100","article-title":"Enterobactin: an archetype for microbial iron transport","volume":"100","author":"Raymond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00479","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.479","article-title":"Anaerobic utilization of Fe(III)-xenosiderophores among Bacteroides species and the distinct assimilation of Fe(III)-ferrichrome by Bacteroides fragilis within the genus","volume":"6","author":"Rocha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-64477-w","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila MucT harnesses dietary polyphenols as xenosiderophores for enhanced iron uptake","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Daza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib67","article-title":"FoxR is an AraC-like transcriptional regulator of ferrioxamine uptake in Salmonella enterica","author":"Salda\u00f1a-Ahuactzi","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1175303\/v1","article-title":"Fungal xenosiderophores from mycobiota and diet promote Salmonella colonization of the inflamed gut","author":"Santus","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.5.2044-2049.1987","article-title":"Ferric-coprogen receptor FhuE of Escherichia coli: processing and sequence common to all TonB-dependent outer membrane receptor proteins","volume":"169","author":"Sauer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394390-3.00002-1","article-title":"Structure, function and binding selectivity and stereoselectivity of siderophore\u2013Iron outer membrane transporters","volume":"69","author":"Schalk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Membr"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01090-6","article-title":"Bacterial siderophores: diversity, uptake pathways and applications","volume":"23","author":"Schalk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1002\/hlca.19630460434","article-title":"Hydroxamatkomplexe I. Die stabilit\u00e4t der Eisen(III)-Komplexe einfacher hydroxams\u00e4uren und des ferrioxamins B","volume":"46","author":"Schwarzenbach","year":"1963","journal-title":"Helv Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib73","author":"Seemann","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107396","article-title":"Siderophore-mediated iron partition promotes dynamical coexistence between cooperators and cheaters","volume":"26","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib75","article-title":"Bacterial warfare is associated with virulence and antimicrobial resistance","author":"Sharp","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7113","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8113","article-title":"Interplay between enterobactin, myeloperoxidase and lipocalin 2 regulates E. coli survival in the inflamed gut","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17010155.x","article-title":"The stationary-phase sigma factor\u202f? S (RpoS) Is Required for a sustained acid tolerance response in virulent Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"17","author":"Soo\u00a0Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.06.25.546471","article-title":"Iron acquisition by a commensal bacterium modifies host nutritional immunity during Salmonella infection","author":"Spiga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","article-title":"RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies","volume":"30","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu739","article-title":"UniRef clusters: a comprehensive and scalable alternative for improving sequence similarity searches","volume":"31","author":"Suzek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(97)00044-4","article-title":"Identification and analysis of the rpoS-dependent promoter of katE, encoding catalase HPII in Escherichia coli","volume":"1352","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Gene Structure and Expression"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2006.06.003","article-title":"Environmental factors influence the production of enterobactin, salmochelin, aerobactin, and yersiniabactin in Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917","volume":"296","author":"Valdebenito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-014-0334-z","article-title":"Bifidobacteria strains isolated from stools of iron deficient infants can efficiently sequester iron","volume":"15","author":"Vazquez-Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3472-x","article-title":"The extracellular proteome of two bifidobacterium species reveals different adaptation strategies to low iron conditions","volume":"18","author":"Vazquez-Gutierrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmc Genomics [Electronic Resource]"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00573","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00573-18","article-title":"Evolution and sequence diversity of FhuA in Salmonella and Escherichia","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D535","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1017","article-title":"Improvements to PATRIC, the all-bacterial Bioinformatics Database and Analysis Resource Center","volume":"45","author":"Wattam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00342a027","article-title":"Coordination chemistry of microbial iron transport compounds. 24. Characterization of coprogen and ferricrocin, two ferric hydroxamate siderophores","volume":"105","author":"Wong","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G385","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00246.2003","article-title":"Hepcidin regulation of ferroportin 1 expression in the liver and intestine of the rat","volume":"286","author":"Yeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2026062212121058100_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.010","article-title":"Xenosiderophore utilization promotes Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron resilience during Colitis","volume":"27","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["microLife"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/microlife\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041\/66411143\/uqaf041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/microlife\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041\/66411143\/uqaf041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/microlife\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041\/66411143\/uqaf041.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T16:12:22Z","timestamp":1782144742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/microlife\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041\/8425378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":89,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-6693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-6693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"uqaf041"}}