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Accumulation of these alarmones activates the stringent response, usually triggered by different nutritional stresses. For Pseudomonas putida, there is only limited data available on the importance of the stringent response in stress situations. Also, in recent years, different specific phage defence systems have received much attention, but little is known about the involvement of stringent response in phage infection. Here, we show that P. putida PaW85 (p)ppGpp0 is prototrophic and tolerates chemical stress well. However, in the stationary phase P. putida cells deprived of (p)ppGpp have impaired membrane integrity. In addition, we conducted a large-scale screening of stringent response effects on phage infections using the CEPEST phage collection. We tested 67 phages of 22 different species and revealed that the lack of (p)ppGpp has opposing effects on phage infection with nearly half of the tested phages showing higher infection efficiency on the (p)ppGpp0 cells, whereas the other half shows reduced infection. We show that the differences in phage infection efficiency for phages Aura and Amme-3 are not caused by adsorption rate differences, but alterations in downstream steps of the infection cycle\u2014prolonged latent period in the absence of (p)ppGpp or unproductive infection in the presence of (p)ppGpp. Altogether, results indicate that the role of stringent response in phage infection is highly diverse, and over half of the times the presence of (p)ppGpp facilitates phage infections rather than protects the cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqaf048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T12:47:12Z","timestamp":1767271632000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The opposite effects of stringent response on phage infection of\n                    <i>Pseudomonas putida<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4600-2277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja Cecylia","family":"Lewa\u0144czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010 ,","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariliis","family":"Hinnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010 ,","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8703-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elise","family":"M\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu , Tartu 51010 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