{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:24:25Z","timestamp":1792643065370,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]],"date-time":"2020-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008061","name":"Mutua Madrile\u00f1a Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04078\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04078\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Candida auris is a multiresistant pathogenic yeast commonly isolated from bloodstream infections in immunocompromised patients. In this work, we infected Galleria mellonella larvae with 105 CFU of a reference strains and two clinical isolates of C. albicans and C. auris and we compared the outcomes of infection between both species. Larvae were evaluated every 24\u00a0h for a total of 120\u00a0h following the G. mellonella Health Index Scoring System, and survival, activity, melanization and cocoon formation were monitored. Our results showed that clinical isolates were significantly more pathogenic than reference strains independently of the tested species, producing lower survival and activity scores and higher melanization scores and being C. albicans strains more virulent than C. auris strains. We did not find differences in mortality between aggregative and non-aggregative C. auris strains, although non-aggregative strains produced significantly lower activity scores and higher melanization scores than aggregative ones. Survival assays using Galleria mellonella have been previously employed to examine and classify strains of this and other microbial species based on their virulence before scaling the experiments to a mammal model. Taken together, these results show how a more complete evaluation of the model can improve the study of C. auris isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T11:29:06Z","timestamp":1603452546000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The<i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>infection model as a system to investigate the virulence of<i>Candida auris<\/i>strains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Romera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, UAM. Avda. Reyes Cat\u00f3licos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-Jairo","family":"Aguilera-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, UAM. Avda. Reyes Cat\u00f3licos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Garc\u00eda-Coca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, UAM. Avda. Reyes Cat\u00f3licos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Mahillo-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics Service, Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz University Hospital, Av. Reyes Cat\u00f3licos, 2. 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Vi\u00f1uela-Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Rio Hortega Hospital, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS Fundaci\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez D\u00edaz, UAM. Avda. Reyes Cat\u00f3licos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.03.009","article-title":"The emerging pathogen Candida auris: A focus on the Middle-Eastern countries","volume":"12","author":"Alfouzan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12068","article-title":"Clinical isolates and laboratory reference Candida species and strains have varying abilities to form biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Alnuaimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00884","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00884-19","article-title":"Identification of Candida auris by Use of the Updated Vitek 2 yeast identification system, Version 8.01: a multilaboratory evaluation study","volume":"57","author":"Ambaraghassi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00476","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00476-20","article-title":"Chitosan Ameliorates Candida auris Virulence in a Galleria mellonella Infection Model","volume":"64","author":"Arias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa158","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa158","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of Australian Candida auris isolates: insights from a nonoutbreak setting using whole-genome sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Biswas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00189","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00189-16","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of United Kingdom isolates of the emerging pathogen candida auris and other key pathogenic candida species","volume":"1","author":"Borman","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00617.x","article-title":"Correlation between virulence of Candida albicans mutants in mice and Galleria mellonella larvae","volume":"34","author":"Brennan","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00371","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00371-20","article-title":"Candida auris phenotypic heterogeneity determines pathogenicity in vitro","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.07.008","article-title":"First report of Candida auris in America: Clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia","volume":"73","author":"Calvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00673","article-title":"The Complexity of Fungal beta-Glucan in Health and Disease: Effects on the Mononuclear Phagocyte System","volume":"9","author":"Camilli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1863-z","article-title":"Draft genome of a commonly misdiagnosed multidrug resistant pathogen Candida auris","volume":"16","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx480","article-title":"A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009-17) in India: role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance","volume":"73","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00351","article-title":"Nine things genomics can tell us about candida auris","volume":"11","author":"Chybowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19 6 1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1906s105","article-title":"Animal models for candidiasis","volume":"105","author":"Conti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz178","article-title":"Antifungal activity and killing kinetics of anidulafungin, caspofungin and amphotericin B against Candida auris","volume":"74","author":"Dudiuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12754","article-title":"Comparative virulence of Candida auris with Candida haemulonii, Candida glabrata and Candida albicans in a murine model","volume":"61","author":"Fakhim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.04.006","article-title":"Relative frequency of albicans and the various non-albicans Candida spp among candidemia isolates from inpatients in various parts of the world: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Falagas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1771218","article-title":"Comparison of in vivo pathogenicity of four Candida auris clades in a neutropenic bloodstream infection murine model","volume":"9","author":"Forgacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.03.001","article-title":"Role of filamentation in Galleria mellonella killing by Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ftz051","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz051","article-title":"Non-pigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria smooth and rough colony phenotypes pathogenicity evaluated using in vitro and experimental models","volume":"77","author":"Garcia-Coca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.030775-0","article-title":"Virulence of Enterococcus faecalis dairy strains in an insect model: the role of fsrB and gelE","volume":"155","author":"Gaspar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.006619","article-title":"Wild-type Drosophila melanogaster as an alternative model system for investigating the pathogenicity of Candida albicans","volume":"4","author":"Glittenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib23","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Morphogenic and genetic differences between Candida albicans strains are associated with keratomycosis virulence","volume":"15","author":"Hua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01403","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01403-18","article-title":"Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris Evades Neutrophil Attack","volume":"9","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1397871","article-title":"From moths to caterpillars: Ideal conditions for Galleria mellonella rearing for in vivo microbiological studies","volume":"9","author":"Jorjao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2003.09.002","article-title":"Exploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens","volume":"28","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00458","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00458-19","article-title":"Combined antifungal resistance and biofilm tolerance: the global threat of candida auris","volume":"4","author":"Kean","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.2.878-888.2002","article-title":"Comparison of biofilms formed by Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on bioprosthetic surfaces","volume":"70","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02396","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02396-16","article-title":"The emerging pathogen candida auris: growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation","volume":"61","author":"Larkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b13-00270","article-title":"Using Galleria mellonella-Candida albicans infection model to evaluate antifungal agents","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.6.18520","article-title":"Drosophila and Galleria insect model hosts: new tools for the study of fungal virulence, pharmacology and immunology","volume":"2","author":"Lionakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw691","article-title":"Simultaneous Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Candida auris on 3 Continents Confirmed by Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Analyses","volume":"64","author":"Lockhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.24930","article-title":"Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model for group A streptococcus","volume":"4","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00252","article-title":"Insect prophenoloxidase: the view beyond immunity","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5930489","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5930489","article-title":"High virulence and antifungal resistance in clinical strains of Candida albicans","volume":"2016","author":"Monroy-Perez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1012981","article-title":"Candida albicans-epithelial interactions and pathogenicity mechanisms: scratching the surface","volume":"6","author":"Moyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030104","article-title":"Pathogenicity levels of colombian strains of candida auris and brazilian strains of candida haemulonii species complex in both murine and galleria mellonella experimental models","volume":"6","author":"Munoz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07779-6","article-title":"Genomic insights into multidrug-resistance, mating and virulence in Candida auris and related emerging species","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007638","article-title":"Candida auris: An emerging pathogen \u201cincognito\u201d?","volume":"15","author":"Nett","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.2.14338","article-title":"Virulence of serotype M3 Group A Streptococcus strains in wax worms (Galleria mellonella larvae)","volume":"2","author":"Olsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib42","first-page":"e4392","article-title":"The insect Galleria mellonella as a powerful infection model to investigate bacterial pathogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Ramarao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib43","first-page":"43","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of the UK outbreak of the emerging human fungal pathogen Candida auris","volume":"7","author":"Rhodes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001036","article-title":"Candida auris: a comparison between planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to antifungal drugs","volume":"68","author":"Romera","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1370174","article-title":"Analysis of the early cellular and humoral responses of Galleria mellonella larvae to infection by Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Sheehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161320","article-title":"Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant candida auris","volume":"23","author":"Sherry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02055","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02055-18","article-title":"Candida auris isolates of the Southern Asian and South African lineages exhibit different phenotypic and antifungal susceptibility profiles in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Szekely","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-187","article-title":"Phenotypic screening, transcriptional profiling, and comparative genomic analysis of an invasive and non-invasive strain of Candida albicans","volume":"8","author":"Thewes","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01625","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01625-19","article-title":"Impact of Candida auris Infection in a Neutropenic Murine Model","volume":"64","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2015.1135289","article-title":"Galleria mellonella infection models for the study of bacterial diseases and for antimicrobial drug testing","volume":"7","author":"Tsai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/jof5040091","article-title":"The first two cases of Candida auris in The Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"Vogelzang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"2020120812432629200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S40160","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Yapar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"}],"container-title":["Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa067\/34003019\/ftaa067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article-pdf\/78\/9\/ftaa067\/34805690\/ftaa067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article-pdf\/78\/9\/ftaa067\/34805690\/ftaa067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T11:38:02Z","timestamp":1669289882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa067\/5937422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftaa067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-632X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-632X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,24]]},"article-number":"ftaa067"}}