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Critical to addressing this technical gap is to identify promoters for driving expression of antibiotic resistance and fluorescence reporter genes in O. tsutsugamushi. Such promoters would need to be highly conserved among strains, expressed throughout infection, and exhibit strong activity. We examined the untranslated regions upstream of O. tsutsugamushi genes encoding outer membrane protein A (ompA), 22-kDa type-specific antigen (tsa22) and tsa56. The bacterium transcribed all three during infection of monocytic, endothelial and epithelial cells. Examination of the upstream noncoding regions revealed putative ribosome binding sites, one set of predicted \u221210 and \u221235 sequences for ompA and two sets of \u221210 and \u221235 sequences for tsa22 and tsa56. Comparison of these regions among geographically diverse O. tsutsugamushi patient isolates revealed nucleotide identities ranging from 84.8 to 100.0%. Upon examination of the candidates for the ability to drive green fluorescence protein expression in Escherichia coli, varying activities were observed with one of the tsa22 promoters being the strongest. Identification and validation of O. tsutsugamushi promoters is an initial key step toward genetically manipulating this important pathogen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T19:08:59Z","timestamp":1631300939000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Analysis of <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/i> promoter activity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Jason R","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) Medical Center, School of Medicine, VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2778-5066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A","family":"Carlyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) 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