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However, intracellular bacterial pathogens that have co-evolved with their host have developed a multitude of tactics to counteract this defense strategy to facilitate their survival and replication. This requires manipulation of pro-death and pro-survival host signaling pathways during infection. Obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens are organisms that absolutely require an eukaryotic host to survive and replicate, and therefore they have developed virulence factors to prevent diverse forms of host cell death and conserve their replicative niche. This review encapsulates our current understanding of these host\u2013pathogen interactions by exploring the most relevant findings of Anaplasma spp., Chlamydia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Coxiella burnetii modulating host cell death pathways. A detailed comprehension of the molecular mechanisms through which these obligate intracellular pathogens manipulate regulated host cell death will not only increase the current understanding of these difficult-to-study pathogens but also provide insights into new tools to study regulated cell death and the development of new therapeutic approaches to control infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T08:18:39Z","timestamp":1636100319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Keeping the host alive \u2013 lessons from obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Robson Kriiger","family":"Loterio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patog\u00eanicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, FMRP\/USP. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, SP 14049-900,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity , 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario S","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patog\u00eanicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo , Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, FMRP\/USP. Av. 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