{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T15:54:06Z","timestamp":1757778846194,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Effective vaccination is a key element in the exit strategy from the current severe acute respiratory syndrome\u2014CoV coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and may also offer protection against severe disease from future variants of concern. Here, we prospectively monitored T-cell responses over time, using ELISpot interferon-\u03b3 (INF-y) release assays, and B-cell responses, using serological tests, after vaccination and booster with BioNTech\/Pfizer mRNA (Pfizer) and Janssen vector (Janssen\/Johnson &amp; Johnson) vaccines in hospital health care workers. Vaccine recipients were divided into seropositive and seronegative individuals at baseline, in order to determine the effect of natural immunity on vaccine-induced immune kinetics. We found that convalescent individuals mounted higher spike-specific INF-y-secreting T-cell responses and B-cell-mediated IgG responses, after receiving the Janssen vaccine or the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine. IgG levels corresponded to the virus neutralization capacity as measured by VNT assay. At 8 months postvaccination, spike-specific cellular immunity waned to low levels in individuals with or without prior natural immunity, whereas waning of humoral immunity occurred predominantly in naive individuals. The booster shot effectively reinduced both cellular and humoral immune responses. To conclude, our data supports the implemented single-dose mRNA booster strategy employed in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the level of pre-existing natural immunity may be factored into determining the optimal time window between future booster vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T20:43:05Z","timestamp":1662669785000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Differential vaccine-induced kinetics of humoral and cellular immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and convalescent health care workers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8826-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter","family":"Smit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Thijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Kieft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"van\u00a0Tol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Reimerink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Reusken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, Bilthoven, 3721 MA, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidewij","family":"R\u00fcmke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht , Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ailko","family":"Bossink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gijs","family":"Limonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michiel","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis , Utrecht, 3582 KE, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022100319482526500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00396-3","article-title":"Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns elicited by natural infection and mRNA vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Assis","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ 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