{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:22:49Z","timestamp":1790616169420,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phages are viruses that infect bacteria, relying on their genetic machinery to replicate. To survive the constant attack of phages, bacteria have developed diverse defense strategies to act against them. Nevertheless, phages rapidly co-evolve to overcome these barriers, resulting in a constant, and often surprising, molecular arms race. Thus, some phages have evolved protein inhibitors known as anti-CRISPRs (\u223c50\u2013150 amino acids), which antagonize the bacterial CRISPR-Cas immune response. To date, around 45 anti-CRISPRs proteins with different mechanisms and structures have been discovered against the CRISPR-Cas type I and type II present in important animal and human pathogens such as Escherichia, Morganella, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella. Considering the alarming growth of antibiotic resistance, phage therapy, either alone or in combination with antibiotics, appears to be a promising alternative for the treatment of many bacterial infections. In this review, we illustrated the biological and clinical aspects of using phage therapy; furthermore, the CRISPR-Cas mechanism, and the interesting activity of anti-CRISPR proteins as a possible weapon to combat bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T22:16:40Z","timestamp":1665785800000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phages, anti-CRISPR proteins, and drug-resistant bacteria: what do we know about this triad?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-1399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Ceballos-Garzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDiS , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela B","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotecnolog\u00eda y Gen\u00e9tica S.A.S - L\u00ednea de enfermedades infecciosas y microbiolog\u00eda molecular , Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan D","family":"Plata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious diseases department, Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe , 110111 Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilpa A","family":"Sanchez-Quitian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenier\u00eda, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda y Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Boyac\u00e1 , 150003 Tunja- Boyac\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8795-519X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Ramos-Vivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico , Santander 39011, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Infectious Diseases\u2014CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III , 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/138920110790725410","article-title":"Phage therapy pharmacology","volume":"11","author":"Abedon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1220348","DOI":"10.1080\/21597081.2016.1220348","article-title":"Phage therapy dosing: the problem(s) with multiplicity of infection (MOI)","volume":"6","author":"Abedon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1383-y","article-title":"Prokaryote viruses studied by electron microscopy","volume":"157","author":"Ackermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archiv Virol"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(03)00067-6","article-title":"Bacteriophage observations and evolution","volume":"154","author":"Ackermann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1909-5","article-title":"An anti-CRISPR viral ring nuclease subverts type III CRISPR immunity","volume":"577","author":"Athukoralage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030100","article-title":"Bacteriophages in natural and artificial environments","volume":"8","author":"Batinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/340467a0","article-title":"High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments","volume":"340","author":"Bergh","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3043","article-title":"Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials","volume":"32","author":"Bikard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-101416-041616","article-title":"The discovery, mechanisms, and evolutionary impact of Anti-CRISPRs","volume":"4","author":"Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11723","article-title":"Bacteriophage genes that inactivate the CRISPR\/Cas bacterial immune system","volume":"493","author":"Bondy-Denomy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022111816415889300_bib36","first-page":"425","article-title":"Marine viruses: truth or dare. 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