{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T10:58:11Z","timestamp":1769511491590,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007787","name":"National Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human trichinellosis is a serious disease with no effective treatment till now. Recently, the protective immunity induced by parasite-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are studied for some parasites such as Echinostoma caproni. The current study aimed to investigate the novel Trichinella spiralis-derived EVs as a potential vaccine candidate for the first time in a mouse model. Trichinella spiralis EVs were isolated and identified using transmission electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, protein content measurements, and beads-based flow cytometry. Vaccination was done by subcutaneous injection of two doses of 3.5\u00a0\u03bcg T. spiralis-derived EVs. We observed a significant reduction in T. spiralis adult worm and muscle larval counts in mice immunized with T. spiralis-derived EVs (EVs-Ts group) and controlled inflammatory changes in the intestine and muscles. The EVs-Ts group showed a higher level of IFN- \u03b3, whereas the IL-4 secretion was elevated more in the EVs group (EVs group) and showed a lower level after challenge with T. spiralis infection (EVs-Ts group). This implies a mixed Th1\/Th2 immune response with obvious Th1 polarization. Moreover, elevation of serum T. spiralis-specific IgG was reported. In conclusion, this preliminary study provides T. spiralis EVs as a promising candidate for future development of anti-Trichinella vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T13:14:02Z","timestamp":1666098842000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>Trichinella spiralis<\/i>-derived extracellular vesicles induce a protective immunity against larval challenge in mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7782-0774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia S","family":"Ashour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma M Kh","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amira M","family":"Elshamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hager S","family":"Zoghroban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University , 31527, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2020.113049","article-title":"A study of immunotherapeutic efficacy of Trichinellaspiralis excretory-secretory proteins in murine trichinellosis","volume":"50","author":"Al-attar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.7.4127-4137.2004","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii antigen pulsed-dendritic cell-derived exosomes induce a protective immune response against T. gondii infection","volume":"72","author":"Aline","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5772\/66499","article-title":"Vaccination against Trichinellaspiralis: potential, limitations and future directions","volume-title":"Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites","author":"Andrade-Becerra","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.08.009","article-title":"Nitazoxanide anthelmintic activity against the enteral and parenteral phases of trichinellosis in experimentally infected rats","volume":"170","author":"Ashour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000279","article-title":"Vaccination of sheep and cattle against haemonchosis","volume":"89","author":"Bassetto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60424-8","article-title":"The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinellaspiralis in laboratory rodents","volume":"41","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0136189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136189","article-title":"Partially protective immunity induced by a 20\u00a0kDa protein secreted by Trichinellaspiralis stichocytes","volume":"10","author":"Bi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/187153012799279081","article-title":"Immunomodulation in trichinellosis: does Trichinella really escape the host immune system?","volume":"12","author":"Bruschi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6488","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small RNAs to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity","volume":"5","author":"Buck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib11","volume-title":"Carleton's Histological Technique","author":"Carleton","year":"1967","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.012","article-title":"Nanotechnology solutions for mucosal immunization","volume":"62","author":"Chadwick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.05.001","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from a helminth parasite suppress macrophage activation and constitute an effective vaccine for protective immunity","volume":"19","author":"Coakley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.07.008","article-title":"A. Immunomodulatory potential of particular Trichinellaspiralis muscle larvae excretory secretory components","volume":"46","author":"Cvetkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.006","article-title":"Vaccination of mice against intestinal Trichinellaspiralis infections by oral administration of antigens microencapsulated in methacrilic acid copolymers","volume":"24","author":"Dea-Ayuela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.029","article-title":"Influence of adjuvant formulation on the induced protection of mice immunized with total soluble antigen of Trichinellaspiralis","volume":"132","author":"Deville","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.019","article-title":"Developmental profile of select immune cells in mice infected with Trichinellaspiralis during the intestinal phase","volume":"231","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.04.011","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: new targets for vaccines against helminth Parasites","volume":"50","author":"Drurey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2307\/3281709","article-title":"Cell injury caused by Trichinellaspiralis in the mucosal epithelium of B10A mice","volume":"71","author":"Dunn","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428004","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1428004","article-title":"Characterization of Trichurismuris secreted proteins and extracellular vesicles provides new insights into host\u2013parasite communication","volume":"7","author":"Eichenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X18001207","article-title":"Immunization with adult Schistosomamansoni tegument, treated with sub-curative praziquantel, partially protects mice against the infection","volume":"94","author":"El-Aswad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.04.012","article-title":"Innate immunogenicity and in vitro protective potential of Schistosomamansoni lung schistosomula excretory\u2013secretory candidate vaccine antigens","volume":"12","author":"El-Ridi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3886","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b08015","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical use of nanoscale extracellular vesicles in nanomedicine","volume":"10","author":"Fais","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.06.055","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70 from Trichinellaspiralis induces protective immunity in BALB\/c mice by activating dendritic cells","volume":"32","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3148","article-title":"Size-dependent immunogenicity: therapeutic and protective properties of nano-vaccines against tumors","volume":"173","author":"Fifis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01475","article-title":"Vaccination with a paramyosin-based multi-epitope vaccine elicits significant protective immunity against Trichinellaspiralis infection in mice","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib27","first-page":"281","article-title":"Albendazole: a study of its effect on experimental Trichinellaspiralis infection in rats","volume":"19","author":"Issa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Egy J Med Sci"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700749","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201700749","article-title":"Exosomes enter vaccine development: strategies meeting global challenges of emerging infections","volume":"13","author":"Jungbauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12665","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12665","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae release extracellular vesicles with immunomodulatory properties","volume":"41","author":"Kosanovi\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Paras Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0582-2","article-title":"Protective immunity against Trichinellaspiralis in mice elicited by oral vaccination with attenuated SALMONELLA-delivered TsSP1. 2 DNA","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000086017","article-title":"Excretory\u2013secretory products of helminth parasites: effects on host immune responses","volume":"96","author":"Lightowlers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.02.008","article-title":"Oral vaccination of mice with Trichinellaspiralis nudix hydrolase DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonella elicited protective immunity","volume":"153","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45974","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045974","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths contain specific excretory\/secretory proteins and are internalized in intestinal host cells","volume":"7","author":"Marcilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026588","article-title":"Exosomes from Plasmodiumyoelii-infected reticulocytes protect mice from lethal infections","volume":"6","author":"Martin-Jaular","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47882","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201947882","article-title":"Schistosomal extracellular vesicle-enclosed miRNAs modulate host T helper cell differentiation","volume":"21","author":"Meningher","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30341","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.37.30341","article-title":"Outbreak of trichinellosis related to eating imported wild boar meat, Belgium, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Messiaen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveill"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1179\/1364859411Y.0000000027","article-title":"Evaluation of TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, and IL-10 and parasite density in spleen and liver of L. (L.) chagasi naturally infected dogs","volume":"105","author":"Michelin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00433","article-title":"The role of extracellular vesicles in modulating the host immune response during parasitic infections","volume":"5","author":"Montaner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1712.110896","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986\u20132009","volume":"17","author":"Murrell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28665","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28665","article-title":"Protein and small non-coding RNA-enriched extracellular vesicles are released by the pathogenic blood fluke Schistosomamansoni","volume":"4","author":"Nowacki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X15000140","article-title":"Induction of protection in murine experimental models against Trichinellaspiralis: an up-to-date review","volume":"89","author":"Ortega-Pierres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.11.001","article-title":"Atorvastatin and metformin administration modulates experimental Trichinellaspiralis infection","volume":"65","author":"Othman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.11.001","article-title":"Searching for Trichinella: not all pigs are created equal","volume":"30","author":"Pozio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201211138","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends","volume":"200","author":"Raposo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01729","article-title":"Generation and function of non-cell-bound CD73 in inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.06.077","article-title":"Fragments of antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) and DC-derived exosomes induce protective immunity against Leishmaniamajor","volume":"28","author":"Schnitzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2015.590-598","article-title":"Role of parasitic vaccines in integrated control of parasitic diseases in livestock","volume":"8","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12536","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12536","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles induce protective immunity against Trichurismuris","volume":"40","author":"Shears","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paras Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1075394","article-title":"Uncertainties in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of trichinellosis","volume":"13","author":"Shimoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01544","article-title":"The immune protection induced by a serine protease inhibitor from the foodborne parasite Trichinellaspiralis","volume":"9","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.04.010","article-title":"The protein and microRNA cargo of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths \u2013 current status and research priorities","volume":"50","author":"Sotillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11249-2","article-title":"A bead-assisted flow cytometry method for the semi-quantitative analysis of extracellular Vesicles","volume":"7","author":"Su\u00e1rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06747-8","article-title":"Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinellaspiralis infected mice","volume":"119","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids","volume":"30","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Cell"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535750","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the international society for extracellular vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Th\u00e9ry","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1430","article-title":"Tetraspanins on the surface of Schistosomamansoni are protective antigens against schistosomiasis","volume":"12","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.07.003","article-title":"Subcutaneous injection of exosomes reduces symptom severity and mortality induced by Echinostomacaproni infection in BALB\/c mice","volume":"46","author":"Trelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109069","article-title":"Vaccination with a DNase II recombinant protein against Trichinellaspiralis infection in pigs","volume":"297","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859243","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.859243","article-title":"Oral vaccination of mice with Trichinellaspiralis putative serine protease and murine interleukin-4 DNA delivered by invasive Lactiplantibacillusplantarum elicits protective immunity","volume":"13","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.10.017","article-title":"Effect of exosome isolation methods on physicochemical properties of exosomes and clearance of exosomes from the blood circulation","volume":"98","author":"Yamashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01174","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from Trichinellaspiralis muscle larvae ameliorate TNBS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.026","article-title":"Oral vaccination with Ts87 DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonellatyphimurium elicits a protective immune response against Trichinellaspiralis larval challenge","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(96)01036-9","article-title":"Serologic survey of trichinellosis in wild mammals kept in a Mexico City Zoo","volume":"67","author":"Y\u00e9pez-Mulia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.02.014","article-title":"Systemic cytokine profiles and splenic toll-like receptor expression during Trichinellaspiralis infection","volume":"134","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2022111816420184600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12917","article-title":"Vaccines against Trichinellaspiralis: progress, challenges and future prospects","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"}],"container-title":["Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftac040\/46581575\/ftac040.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article-pdf\/80\/1\/ftac040\/47119361\/ftac040.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article-pdf\/80\/1\/ftac040\/47119361\/ftac040.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T16:42:39Z","timestamp":1668789759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femspd\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftac040\/6764719"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femspd\/ftac040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-632X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-632X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"article-number":"ftac040"}}