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We previously reported an association between early cytokine production and symptom outcome following WNV infection in US blood donors. In this meta-analysis, we found that WNV-infected females reported more symptoms than WNV-infected males, despite similar initial viremia and type I interferon responses. As the infection progressed, males exhibited a protracted cytokine response\u2014marked by sustained CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL11 (eotaxin-1), CXCL10 (IP-10) and IL-15\u2014that was absent in females. Our results suggest that sex differences may be a factor in sustaining WNV immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T04:19:35Z","timestamp":1553055575000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Sex differences in cytokine production following West Nile virus infection: Implications for symptom manifestation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Kevin W","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. 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