{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:36:51Z","timestamp":1790696211912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["159517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["159517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Shigella spp. are bacterial pathogens that invade the human colonic mucosa using a type III secretion apparatus (T3SA), a proteinaceous device activated upon contact with host cells. Active T3SAs translocate proteins that carve the intracellular niche of Shigella spp. Nevertheless, the activation state of the T3SA has not been addressed in vivo. Here, we used a green fluorescent protein transcription-based secretion activity reporter (TSAR) to provide a spatio-temporal description of S. flexneri T3SAs activity in the colon of Guinea pigs. First, we observed that early mucus release is triggered in the vicinity of luminal bacteria with inactive T3SA. Subsequent mucosal invasion showed bacteria with active T3SA associated with the brush border, eventually penetrating into epithelial cells. From 2 to 8 h post-challenge, the infection foci expanded, and these intracellular bacteria displayed homogeneously high-secreting activity, while extracellular foci within the lamina propria featured bacteria with low secretion activity. We also found evidence that within lamina propria macrophages, bacteria reside in vacuoles instead of accessing the cytosol. Finally, bacteria were cleared from tissues between 8 and 24 h post-challenge, highlighting the hit-and-run colonization strategy of Shigella. This study demonstrates how genetically encoded reporters can contribute to deciphering pathogenesis in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftz054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T03:58:25Z","timestamp":1569902305000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mapping of <i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>\u2019s tissue distribution and type III secretion apparatus activity during infection of the large intestine of guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Nigro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen T","family":"Arena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 271 Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sachse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrastructural Bioimaging unit, Institut Pasteur, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryse","family":"Moya-Nilges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ultrastructural Bioimaging unit, Institut Pasteur, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit S","family":"Marteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Architecture et R\u00e9activit\u00e9 de l'ARN, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9002, 2 All\u00e9e Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 Pathogen\u00e8se des Infections Vasculaires, Institut Pasteur, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe J","family":"Sansonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Coll\u00e8ge de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-2968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F-X","family":"Campbell-Valois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Pathog\u00e9nie Microbienne Mol\u00e9culaire, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, 24-28 rue du Docteur-Roux, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"The Host-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur private, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021052207494193900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00045","article-title":"Shigella diversity and changing landscape: insights for the twenty-first century","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect 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