{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:10:54Z","timestamp":1788909054713,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006662","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10.13039\/501100013373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10.13039\/501100013373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006662","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>While conjugate vaccines against typhoid fever have recently been recommended by the World Health Organization for deployment, the lack of a vaccine against paratyphoid, multidrug resistance and chronic carriage all present challenges for the elimination of enteric fever. In the past decade, the development of in vitro and human challenge models has resulted in major advances in our understanding of enteric fever pathogenesis. In this review, we summarise these advances, outlining mechanisms of host restriction, intestinal invasion, interactions with innate immunity and chronic carriage, and discuss how this knowledge may progress future vaccines and antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T04:14:27Z","timestamp":1614831267000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Host restriction, pathogenesis and chronic carriage of typhoidal<i>Salmonella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8313-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"J.\u00a0Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"J.\u00a0Blohmke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"J.\u00a0Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 2PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00532-16","article-title":"Salmonella extracellular matrix components influence biofilm formation formation and gallbladder colonization","volume":"84","author":"Adcox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02275-14","article-title":"Acid exposure induces multiplication of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi","volume":"52","author":"Ahirwar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29525","article-title":"Salmonella degrades the host glycocalyx leading to altered infection and glycan remodeling","volume":"6","author":"Arabyan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.071","article-title":"Evaluation of immune responses to an oral typhoid vaccine, Ty21a, in children from 2 to 5 years of age in Bangladesh","volume":"32","author":"Arya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00455","article-title":"Of men not mice: bactericidal\/permeability-increasing protein expressed in human macrophages acts as a phagocytic receptor and modulates entry and replication of Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abb1795","article-title":"The Rab32\/BLOC-3-dependent pathway mediates host defense against different pathogens in human macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2021031801101431100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-015-0024-9","article-title":"stg fimbrial operon from S. 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