{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:55:30Z","timestamp":1791255330936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Training Network","award":["713482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713482"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S.\u00a0aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S.\u00a0aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular \u2018protective\u2019 niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S.\u00a0aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S.\u00a0aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S.\u00a0aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T03:06:00Z","timestamp":1626059160000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Staphylococcal trafficking and infection\u2014from \u2018nose to gut\u2019 and back"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Elisa J M","family":"Raineri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Altulea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5688-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Maarten","family":"van\u00a0Dijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011909232286400_bib1","first-page":"5095293","article-title":"Skin immune landscape: inside and outside the organism","volume-title":"Mediators Inflamm","author":"Abdallah","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022011909232286400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01869","article-title":"Natural killer cells: 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