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Most bacteria are neutralophiles, but can survive fluctuations in pH. Herein, we review how Escherichia, Salmonella, Helicobacter, Brucella, and other acid-resistant Gram-negative bacteria adapt to acidic environments. We discuss the constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms that promote survival, including proton-consuming or ammonia-producing processes, cellular remodeling affecting membranes and chaperones, and chemotaxis. We provide insights into how Gram-negative bacteria sense environmental acidity using membrane-integrated and cytosolic pH sensors. Finally, we address in more detail the powerful proton-consuming decarboxylase systems by examining the phylogeny of their regulatory components and their collective functionality in a population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuac037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T03:19:28Z","timestamp":1659151168000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Bacterial battle against acidity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University M\u00fcnchen , Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilian","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University M\u00fcnchen , Gro\u00dfhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Martinsried, 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