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Animal models have been instrumental in our mechanistic understanding of these oral diseases, although no single model can faithfully reproduce all aspects of a given human disease. This review discusses evidence that the utility of an animal model lies in its capacity to address a specific hypothesis and, therefore, different aspects of a disease can be investigated using distinct and complementary models. As in vitro systems cannot replicate the complexity of in vivo host\u2013microbe interactions and human research is typically correlative, model organisms\u2014their limitations notwithstanding\u2014remain essential in proving causality, identifying therapeutic targets, and evaluating the safety and efficacy of novel treatments. To achieve broader and deeper insights into oral disease pathogenesis, animal model-derived findings can be synthesized with data from in vitro and clinical research. In the absence of better mechanistic alternatives, dismissal of animal models on fidelity issues would impede further progress to understand and treat oral disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:17:22Z","timestamp":1682644642000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Illuminating the oral microbiome and its host interactions: animal models of disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7392-8852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Hajishengallis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, 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