{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:05:38Z","timestamp":1791896738309,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000943","name":"CSIRO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000943","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-081-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-081-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T01:29:02Z","timestamp":1715477342000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8036-110X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina M","family":"Luczo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation , East Geelong, Victoria 3219 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Spackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Athens, GA 30605 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024060503333992800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9605","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9605-9611.2004","article-title":"Effect of the addition of oligosaccharides on the biological activities and antigenicity of influenza A\/H3N2 virus hemagglutinin","volume":"78","author":"Abe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J 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