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However, under certain predisposing conditions this fungus can cause disease. Candida albicans has several factors and attributes that facilitate its commensal and pathogenic lifestyles including the transition from a yeast to a hyphal morphology, which is accompanied by the expression of virulence factors. These factors are central in candidiasis that can range from invasive to superficial. This review focuses on one example of a superficial disease, i.e. vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) that affects ~75% of women at least once with some experiencing four or more symptomatic infections per year (RVVC). During VVC, fungal factors trigger inflammation, which is maintained by a dysregulated innate immune response. This in turn leads to immunopathology and symptoms. Another unique characteristic of the vaginal niche, is its Lactobacillus-dominated microbiota with low species diversity that is believed to antagonize C. albicans pathogenicity. The importance of the interactions between C. albicans, the host, and vaginal microbiota during commensalism and (R)VVC is discussed in this review, which also addresses the application of this knowledge to identify novel treatment strategies and to study vaginal C. albicans infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T08:06:55Z","timestamp":1746778015000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Vaginal\n                    <i>Candida albicans<\/i>\n                    infections: host\u2013pathogen\u2013microbiome interactions"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5627-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Valentine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Kn\u00f6ll Institute Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, , 23 Adolf-Reichwein-Stra\u00dfe, 07745, Jena ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duncan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, University of Exeter , Geoffrey Pope Building Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark S","family":"Gresnigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Kn\u00f6ll Institute , 23 Adolf-Reichwein-Stra\u00dfe, 07745, Jena 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