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Disruption of these microbiomes can compromise their capacity for disease resilience and maintaining host homeostasis. However, the extent and nature of microbiome disruption required to impact fish health negatively remains poorly understood. This review examines how various stressors influence the community composition and functionality of fish skin and gill microbiomes, and the subsequent effects on fish health. Our findings highlight that the impact of stressors on skin and gill microbiomes may differ for different body sites and are highly context-dependent, influenced by a complex interplay of host-specific factors, stressor characteristics, and environmental conditions. By evaluating current knowledge on the genesis and homeostasis of these microbiomes, we highlight a strong influence of environmental factors especially on skin and gill microbiomes compared with fish gut microbiomes, which appear to be more closely regulated by the host\u2019s homeostatic and immunological systems. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the ecology and plasticity of fish skin and gill microbiomes to identify critical thresholds for microbiome shifts that impact fish health and disease resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T08:01:23Z","timestamp":1750320083000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The ecology and plasticity of fish skin and gill microbiomes: seeking what matters in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jamie","family":"McMurtrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0198-2205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley G","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff CF10 3AX ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3667-8302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Temperton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025070210264062900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.4525.5529","article-title":"Reducing disease risk in aquaculture","author":"Akazawa","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025070210264062900_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68891-6","article-title":"Structure and co-occurrence patterns of bacterial communities associated with white faeces disease outbreaks in 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