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Due to the chronic nature of most helminth infections, these parasites are proficient immunomodulators of their hosts. This modulation often leads to skewed or even impaired immune responses against unrelated antigens, such as viruses and vaccines, which can be both beneficial and detrimental for the host. The extent of these effects and the impact on the outcomes of viral infection depends on a variety of factors including timing and tropism of both infections, pathological mechanisms, genetic background, and environmental factors. In this review, we dissect these complex interactions between virus and helminths in the context of coinfection and the impact of helminth infection on antiviral vaccine efficacy. We characterize the key contributing mechanisms that have been defined in preclinical models and human trials and describe the immune actors involved in the modulation of the antiviral and vaccine immune response by helminths. Finally, we address the limitations of our current understanding of helminth\u2013virus interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T11:38:15Z","timestamp":1754739495000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Helminth infections affect host immune responses to viral infections and vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bernalt\u00a0Diego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Department of Microbiology, , New York, NY 10029 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029 ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (Imas12) Department of Microbiology, , Madrid 28041 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