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Their evolutionary success is partly attributed to their association with internal, photosynthetic symbionts, which provide carbon and enable colonization of a wide-range of habitats. Although corals and lichens occupy fundamentally different ecosystems and are phylogenetically unrelated\u2014corals are animals associated with dinoflagellates, while lichens are fungi associated with green algae\/cyanobacteria\u2014they share surprisingly many morphological, ecological, and life history traits. Here, we juxtapose morphology, reproduction, dispersal, symbiont acquisition strategies, and symbiont diversity in coral and lichen mutualisms, focusing mainly on the host and associated photobiont partner. We highlight how shared traits lead to convergent mechanisms of niche specialization, including adaptation to abiotic conditions through the formation of environment-specific host-symbiont combinations. The comparison enhances our understanding of evolutionary forces shaping these symbioses and provides a framework for evaluating their adaptive potential in a changing world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuag025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:37:52Z","timestamp":1779190672000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent symbioses: morphology, life history, and niche specialization in coral and lichen mutualisms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3124-203X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Celia","family":"Poquita-Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg-Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F) , 60325 Frankurt ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Biological Sciences, , 60438 Frankfurt ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Marine Holobiomics Lab, Justus Liebig University Giessen , 35392 Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7381-0296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imke","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senckenberg-Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F) , 60325 Frankurt ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Biological Sciences, , 60438 Frankfurt ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-013-2355-9","article-title":"Genetic diversity, clonality and connectivity in the scleractinian coral Pocillopora damicornis: a multi-scale analysis in an insular, fragmented reef system","volume":"161","author":"Adjeroud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib2","volume-title":"The Lichen Symbiosis","author":"Ahmadjian","year":"1967"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2307\/3599181","article-title":"Variation in coral photosynthesis, respiration and growth characteristics in contrasting light microhabitats: an analogue to plants in forest gaps and understoreys?","author":"Anthony","year":"2003","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2008.01531.x","article-title":"Energetics approach to predicting mortality risk from environmental stress: a case study of coral bleaching","volume":"23","author":"Anthony","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39734","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39734","article-title":"Genomes of coral dinoflagellate symbionts highlight evolutionary adaptations conducive to a symbiotic lifestyle","volume":"6","author":"Aranda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5629-x","article-title":"The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its algal partner Asterochloris glomerata","volume":"20","author":"Armaleo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026070611163047400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1991.tb01036.x","article-title":"Experimental studies of lobe growth in the lichen Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) 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