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In insects, MAPK pathways function as central regulatory circuits, coordinating defense responses and resistance mechanisms against diverse pathogens. MAPK cascades couple damage sensing in the gut epithelium to intestinal regeneration, pathogen\/microbiota stability, cellular and humoral immune responses, and immune homeostasis. Consequently, a wide range of pathogens (parasites, viruses, and bacteria) target, suppress, or hijack key regulatory bottlenecks in MAPK networks to promote pathogen invasion, replication, or transmission. 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