{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:13:57Z","timestamp":1783613637761,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":377,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":173,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04520232330009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04520232330009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031478","name":"NextGenerationEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE00000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101131175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101131175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101137006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101137006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ1\/02975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/23\/B\/NZ1\/02975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWO-VICI VI.C.212.072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWO-VICI VI.C.212.072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanoparticles released by cells that help shape the extracellular environment, remove cellular waste, and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Their release is ubiquitous across kingdoms, species, and cell types, highlighting their functional importance. Nearly as evolutionarily widespread and heterogeneous is the release of viruses, which have evolved to co-opt the host\u2019s cellular machinery to facilitate their replication and spread within all branches of life. Nearly all viruses, enveloped or not, repurpose EVs to modulate infection dynamics, while EVs also play a crucial role in the host\u2019s response to infection. This review explores the interplay between EVs and viruses across the phylogenetic diversity of virus species. We urge virologists and EV biologists to look beyond a single infection model and learn from the unique concepts and shared commonalities observed between close, as well as distantly related viruses, whether they infect mammals, vertebrates, insects, plants, bacteria, or more. To facilitate these efforts, we provide a comprehensive, taxonomical overview of the current knowledge regarding DNA and RNA virus families, and discuss recurring motifs in EV release and function during infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:41:17Z","timestamp":1782214877000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1812-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyra","family":"Defourny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB , 9052 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Ghent University Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, , 9000 Ghent ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Utrecht University Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , 3584 CL Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9063-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Xhelili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural University of Tirana Department of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, , Tirana 1025 ,","place":["Albania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130kbal Agah","family":"Ince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Biologie Structurale (CBS), Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM , 34090 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-7533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Cillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) , 70126 Bari ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Sapo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Opole , 45-032 Opole ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3996-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Janas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, University of Opole , 45-032 Opole ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8334-3313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Smagghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University , Guiyang, 550025 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussels (VUB) Department of Biology, , 1050 Brussels ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5702-8579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erinda","family":"Lika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana , Tirana 1025 ,","place":["Albania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2645-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy H","family":"Buck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3172-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Nolte-\u2019t\u00a0Hoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , 3584 CL Utrecht ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-8563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriton","family":"Kalantidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voutes University Campus Department of Biology, University of Crete, , 71409 Heraklion, Crete ,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , 71110 Heraklion, Crete ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-443X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantina","family":"Katsarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voutes University Campus Department of Biology, University of Crete, , 71409 Heraklion, Crete ,","place":["Greece"]},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , 71110 Heraklion, Crete ,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/v17060807","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in severe dengue: virus\u2013host interactions and biomarker potential","volume":"17","author":"Agudelo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00139","article-title":"Presence of viral RNA and proteins in exosomes from cellular clones resistant to Rift Valley fever virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Ahsan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00732-z","article-title":"Exosomes originating from infection with the cytoplasmic single-stranded RNA virus Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) protect recipient cells by inducing RIG-I mediated IFN-B response that leads to activation of autophagy","volume":"11","author":"Alem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000149616","article-title":"Assembly and accumulation sitees of maize mosaic virus in its planthopper vector","volume":"24","author":"Ammar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd4942","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4942","article-title":"Cooperative nature of viral replication","volume":"6","author":"Andreu-Moreno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c11309","article-title":"Real-time dissection of the exosome pathway for influenza virus infection","volume":"18","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5246","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00177-16","article-title":"The large marseillevirus explores different entry pathways by forming giant infectious vesicles","volume":"90","author":"Arantes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.07.023","article-title":"Persistence of infectious Enterovirus within free-living amoebae\u2014a novel waterborne risk pathway?","volume":"144","author":"Atanasova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0352-y","article-title":"Exploitation of the Leishmania exosomal pathway by Leishmania RNA virus 1","volume":"4","author":"Atayde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-0955-8","article-title":"Monocyte apoptotic bodies are vehicles for influenza A virus propagation","volume":"3","author":"Atkin-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090969","article-title":"Fifty years of JC polyomavirus: a brief overview and remaining questions","volume":"12","author":"Atkinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010121","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa provide passive resistance but not sensitization to LPS-specific phages","volume":"14","author":"Augustyniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0084822","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00848-22","article-title":"The association of human astrovirus with extracellular vesicles facilitates cell infection and protects the virus from neutralizing antibodies","volume":"96","author":"Baez-Navarro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518130113","article-title":"Sensing of latent EBV infection through exosomal transfer of 5\u2032pppRNA","volume":"113","author":"Baglio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.02.028","article-title":"Role of individual caspases induced by astrovirus on the processing of its structural protein and its release from the cell through a non-lytic mechanism","volume":"401","author":"Banos-Lara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110062","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by CSFV-infected cells evade neutralizing antibody to activate innate immune responses and establish productive infection in recipient cells","volume":"292","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60272-9","article-title":"Biogenesis of DNA-carrying extracellular vesicles by the dominant human gut methanogenic archaeon","volume":"16","author":"Baquero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000705","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000705","article-title":"A unique role for the host ESCRT proteins in replication of tomato bushy stunt virus","volume":"5","author":"Barajas","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632290","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.632290","article-title":"Circulating exosomes are strongly involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"Barberis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2009.0113","article-title":"Membrane vesicles released by intestinal epithelial cells infected with rotavirus inhibit T-cell function","volume":"23","author":"Barreto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26780","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and extracellular vesicles","volume":"93","author":"Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00887","article-title":"Airway exosomes released during influenza virus infection serve as a key component of the antiviral innate immune response","volume":"11","author":"Bedford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00088","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00088-18","article-title":"Role of microvesicles in the spread of herpes simplex virus 1 in oligodendrocytic cells","volume":"92","author":"Bello-Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3390\/v14092030","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus modifies placental small extracellular vesicle composition to enhance infection of fetal neural cells in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Bergamelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909949","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.909949","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles control murine norovirus infection through modulation of antiviral immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Bhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.3390\/v7082844","article-title":"Cloak and dagger: alternative immune evasion and modulation strategies of poxviruses","volume":"7","author":"Bidgood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13081","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401437111","article-title":"Nonlytic viral spread enhanced by autophagy components","volume":"111","author":"Bird","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.019","article-title":"Translation and replication dynamics of single RNA viruses","volume":"183","author":"Boersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa208","article-title":"Experimental evolution reveals a genetic basis for membrane-associated virus release","volume":"38","author":"Bou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70091","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70091","article-title":"Characterization of HIV-1 particles co-purified with three extracellular vesicle subtypes from the Raji CD4 DCIR cell line, a hybrid model of CD4 T cells and dendritic cells","volume":"4","author":"Boucher","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126551","article-title":"Quantitative virus-associated RNA detection to monitor oncolytic adenovirus replication","volume":"25","author":"Brachtlova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac405","article-title":"Zoster-associated prothrombotic plasma exosomes and increased stroke risk","volume":"227","author":"Bubak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-111523-102725","article-title":"The nature and nurture of extracellular vesicle-mediated signaling","volume":"58","author":"Buck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01322-19","article-title":"How HIV Nef proteins hijack membrane traffic to promote infection","volume":"93","author":"Buffalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004424","article-title":"Exosomes from hepatitis C infected patients transmit HCV infection and contain replication competent viral RNA in complex with Ago2-miR122-HSP90","volume":"10","author":"Bukong","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2021.105279","article-title":"Exosomes-carrying Epstein\u2013Barr virus-encoded small RNA-1 induces indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages of oral squamous-cell carcinomas and suppresses T-cell activity by activating RIG-I\/IL-6\/TNF-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"117","author":"Burassakarn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0337609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0337609","article-title":"Neural and endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles mediate Zika virus genome dissemination and productive infection in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2025","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00015","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00015-18","article-title":"Downregulation of MicroRNA eca-mir-128 in seminal exosomes and enhanced expression of CXCL16 in the stallion reproductive tract are associated with long-term persistence of equine arteritis virus","volume":"92","author":"Carossino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18672-5","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection changes cargo composition of exosome released from airway epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Chahar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.05.003","article-title":"Characterization of the lipid envelope of exosome encapsulated HEV particles protected from the immune response","volume":"141","author":"Chapuy-Regaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70714","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70714","article-title":"Enterovirus A71 co-opts the IQGAP1 for a non-lytic release of viral particles","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64603","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64603","article-title":"Exosomes mediate horizontal transmission of viral pathogens from insect vectors to plant phloem","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001072","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: togaviridae","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010759","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from PPRV-infected cells enhance signaling lymphocyte activation molecular (SLAM) receptor expression and facilitate virus infection","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.032","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine vesicles enable efficient en bloc transmission of enteroviruses","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006727","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006727","article-title":"Autophagy pathway induced by a plant virus facilitates viral spread and transmission by its insect vector","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050876","article-title":"Systematic identification and comparison of the expressed profiles of exosomal MiRNAs in pigs infected with NADC30-like PRRSV strain","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000818","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: iridoviridae","volume":"98","author":"Chinchar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260439","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1260439","article-title":"Dengue virus exploits autophagy vesicles and secretory pathways to promote transmission by human dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Cloherty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-019-00123-6","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in Epstein-Barr virus pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Cone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04977-4","article-title":"The phosphatidylserine receptor TIM1 promotes infection of enveloped hepatitis E virus","volume":"80","author":"Corneillie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886701","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.886701","article-title":"Antiviral activity of extracellular vesicles derived from respiratory syncytial virus-infected airway epithelial cells","volume":"13","author":"Corsello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0740-y","article-title":"Exosome mimicry by a HAVCR1-NPC1 pathway of endosomal fusion mediates hepatitis A virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Costafreda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822882","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.822882","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles generated by Gram-positive bacteria protect human tissues ex vivo from HIV-1 infection","volume":"11","author":"Costantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00596","article-title":"Proteomic and bioinformatic characterization of extracellular vesicles released from human macrophages upon influenza A virus infection","volume":"16","author":"Cypryk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02502-7","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from long COVID patients promote RUNX2-mediated cellular stress via dysregulated miR-204 and p53 pathway activation","volume":"23","author":"Dalle\u00a0Carbonare","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal CCS"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00969","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00969-17","article-title":"TIM1 (HAVCR1) is not essential for cellular entry of either quasi-enveloped or naked hepatitis A virions","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13356-2","article-title":"Leishmania RNA virus exacerbates Leishmaniasis by subverting innate immunity via TLR3-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition","volume":"10","author":"De\u00a0Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012133","article-title":"Picornavirus security proteins promote the release of extracellular vesicle enclosed viruses via the modulation of host kinases","volume":"20","author":"Defourny","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30716","article-title":"Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type","volume":"141","author":"De\u00a0Martel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25943-2","article-title":"Antiretroviral drugs alter the content of extracellular vesicles from HIV-1-infected cells","volume":"8","author":"DeMarino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.006","article-title":"Syntenin regulates hepatitis C virus sensitivity to neutralizing antibody by promoting E2 secretion through exosomes","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00201-y","article-title":"Extracellular amoebal-vesicles: potential transmission vehicles for respiratory viruses","volume":"7","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2023.109834","article-title":"Exosomes mediate the antibody-resistant intercellular transmission of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"284","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02357","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02357-20","article-title":"Diverse populations of extracellular vesicles with opposite functions during Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infection","volume":"95","author":"Dogrammatzis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0037324","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00373-24","article-title":"Tracing the STING exocytosis pathway during herpes viruses infection","volume":"15","author":"Dogrammatzis","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727","article-title":"Overview of extracellular vesicles, their origin, composition, purpose, and methods for exosome isolation and analysis","volume":"8","author":"Doyle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.08.010","article-title":"Short-range exosomal transfer of viral RNA from infected cells to plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggers innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Dreux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111674","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles carrying HIV-1 Nef induce long-term hyperreactivity of myeloid cells","volume":"41","author":"Dubrovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0552","article-title":"Avian reovirus-induced syncytium formation is independent of infectious progeny virus production and enhances the rate, but is not essential, for virus-induced cytopathology and virus egress","volume":"224","author":"Duncan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11181","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01053-16","article-title":"The intracellular cholesterol transport inhibitor U18666A inhibits the exosome-dependent release of mature hepatitis C virus","volume":"90","author":"Elgner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26485-4","article-title":"The membrane associated accessory protein is an adeno-associated viral egress factor","volume":"12","author":"Elmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27893-2","article-title":"Circulating ACE2-expressing extracellular vesicles block broad strains of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"13","author":"El-Shennawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0009-2","article-title":"A plasmid from an Antarctic haloarchaeon uses specialized membrane vesicles to disseminate and infect plasmid-free cells","volume":"2","author":"Erdmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109943","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Tenacibaculum maritimum as a potential vaccine against fish tenacibaculosis","volume":"154","author":"Escribano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine Storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9598","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c02279","article-title":"Antitumor effect and immunomodulatory mechanism of \u201concolytic extracellular vesicles\u201d","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12029","article-title":"A pathogenic picornavirus acquires an envelope by hijacking cellular membranes","volume":"496","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI77527","article-title":"Human pDCs preferentially sense enveloped hepatitis A virions","volume":"125","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048418","article-title":"Endobiont viruses sensed by the human host\u2014beyond conventional antiparasitic therapy","volume":"7","author":"Fichorova","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0032-3","article-title":"Plasmid vesicles mimicking virions","volume":"2","author":"Forterre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011090","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011090","article-title":"Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism","volume":"19","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006611","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006611","article-title":"Exosome-mediated miR-146a transfer suppresses type I interferon response and facilitates EV71 infection","volume":"13","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105148","article-title":"Infection by exosome-carried Coxsackievirus B3 induces immune escape resulting in an aggravated pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.08.025","article-title":"Iridoviral infection can be reduced by UCHL1-loaded exosomes from the testis of Chinese giant salamanders (Andrias davidianus)","volume":"224","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2309506120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2309506120","article-title":"Riding apoptotic bodies for cell\u2013cell transmission by African swine fever virus","volume":"120","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12235","article-title":"Extracellular membrane vesicles harbouring viral genomes","volume":"16","author":"Gaudin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.01.025","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B infection induces the extracellular release of miR-590-5p, a proviral microRNA","volume":"529","author":"Germano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.039","article-title":"\u03b2-Coronaviruses use lysosomes for egress instead of the biosynthetic secretory pathway","volume":"183","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18168-3","article-title":"Dynamic remodelling of the human host cell proteome and phosphoproteome upon enterovirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Giansanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13379","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13379","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus egress and beyond\u2014the manifold roles of the viral ORF3 protein","volume":"23","author":"Glitscher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052326","article-title":"Microparticle-mediated transfer of the viral receptors CAR and CD46, and the CFTR channel in a CHO cell model confers new functions to target cells","volume":"7","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01308","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01308-18","article-title":"Redundant late domain functions of tandem VP2 YPX3L motifs in nonlytic cellular egress of quasi-enveloped hepatitis A virus","volume":"92","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591172","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.591172","article-title":"The role of small extracellular vesicles in viral-protozoan symbiosis: lessons From Trichomonasvirus in an isogenic host parasite model","volume":"10","author":"Govender","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007594","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007594","article-title":"Picornavirus infection induces temporal release of multiple extracellular vesicle subsets that differ in molecular composition and infectious potential","volume":"15","author":"Grein\u00a0van\u00a0der","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01637-6","article-title":"Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Gro\u00df","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.020","article-title":"Secretion of hepatitis C virus replication intermediates reduces activation of toll-like receptor 3 in hepatocytes","volume":"154","author":"Gr\u00fcnvogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00377","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00377-20","article-title":"A mouse model for infection with enterovirus A71 in small extracellular vesicles","volume":"5","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28120","article-title":"Enterovirus-71 utilizes small extracellular vesicles to cross the blood-brain barrier for infecting the central nervous system via transcytosis","volume":"95","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3390\/v9080211","article-title":"Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in HPV transmission and carcinogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Guenat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.12.010","article-title":"Rescue of hearing by gene delivery to inner-ear hair cells using exosome-associated AAV","volume":"25","author":"Gy\u00f6rgy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.133547","article-title":"Characterization of extracellular vesicle and virus-like particles by single vesicle tetraspanin analysis","volume":"382","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01834","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01834-19","article-title":"BK polyomavirus hijacks extracellular vesicles for en bloc transmission","volume":"94","author":"Handala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001107","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: baculoviridae","volume":"99","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281060","article-title":"Quantitative proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles in response to baculovirus infection of a Trichoplusia ni cell line","volume":"18","author":"Hausjell","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101363","article-title":"Comparative analysis of miRNAs in exosomes released by sheeppox virus-infected ovine testicular cells","volume":"67","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10346","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910346","article-title":"Evidence for a novel antiviral mechanism of teleost fish: serum-derived exosomes inhibit virus replication through incorporating Mx1 protein","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aac.2024.06.001","article-title":"Spray-induced gene silencing in phytopathogen: mechanisms, applications, and progress","volume":"3","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Agrochem"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01089-1","article-title":"Protein corona and exosomes: new challenges and prospects","volume":"21","author":"Heidarzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3390\/v12101086","article-title":"Intercellular transmission of naked viruses through extracellular vesicles: focus on polyomaviruses","volume-title":"Viruses","author":"Helle","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108672","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles promote transkingdom nutrient transfer during viral-bacterial co-infection","volume":"34","author":"Hendricks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.21347-2","article-title":"Totiviruses (Totiviridae)","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Virology","author":"Hillman","year":"2021","edition":"4th edn."},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01998","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01998-16","article-title":"Biliary secretion of quasi-enveloped human hepatitis A virus","volume":"7","author":"Hirai-Yuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28164","article-title":"Silencing of human papillomavirus (HPV) E6\/E7 oncogene expression affects both the contents and the amounts of extracellular microvesicles released from HPV-positive cancer cells","volume":"133","author":"Honegger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004712","article-title":"Dependence of intracellular and exosomal microRNAs on viral E6\/E7 oncogene expression in HPV-positive tumor cells","volume":"11","author":"Honegger","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110627","article-title":"Avian reovirus induces autophagy-mediated cargo of progeny viruses to extracellular vesicles and enhancement of virus release","volume":"307","author":"Hsu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10107","article-title":"Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers for pneumonia caused by adenovirus infection in children by screening serum exosomal microRNAs","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa174","article-title":"Exosomes Facilitate Transmission of Enterovirus A71 From Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"222","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2016.11","article-title":"Exosome-associated AAV vector as a robust and convenient neuroscience tool","volume":"23","author":"Hudry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02251","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02251-16","article-title":"CD63 regulates Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 exosomal packaging, enhancement of vesicle production, and noncanonical NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"91","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.10.046","article-title":"Cholesterol is critical for Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A trafficking and protein stability","volume":"360","author":"Ikeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.02.006","article-title":"Morphological changes contribute to apoptotic cell death and are affected by caspase-3 and caspase-6 inhibitors during red sea bream iridovirus permissive replication","volume":"322","author":"Imajoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040161","article-title":"Invertebrate iridoviruses: a glance over the last decade","volume":"10","author":"\u0130nce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070763","article-title":"Rotaviruses associate with distinct types of extracellular vesicles","volume":"12","author":"I\u0161a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP87993","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.87993","article-title":"SIRT-1 is required for release of enveloped enteroviruses","volume":"12","author":"Jassey","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-021-1108-6","article-title":"Rab27b regulates extracellular vesicle production in cells infected with Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to promote cell survival and persistent infection","volume":"59","author":"Jeon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99841","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.21668","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from KSHV-infected endothelial cells activate the complement system","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S144","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.063503","article-title":"Label-free proteomic analysis of exosomes derived from inducible hepatitis B virus-replicating HepAD38 cell line","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics MCP"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716513","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1716513","article-title":"Hepatitis A virus structural protein pX interacts with ALIX and promotes the secretion of virions and foreign proteins through exosome-like vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00366","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in influenza virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.48565\/rh7j-hr59","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from hepatitis-D virus infected cells induce a proinflammatory cytokine response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages","volume":"2020","author":"Jung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matters"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.05.015","article-title":"Local oncolytic adenovirotherapy produces an abscopal effect via tumor-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"29","author":"Kakiuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.08.009","article-title":"The HBx gene of hepatitis B virus can influence hepatic microenvironment via exosomes by transferring its mRNA and protein","volume":"240","author":"Kapoor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02942","article-title":"HCV defective genomes promote persistent infection by modulating the viral life cycle","volume":"9","author":"Karamichali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10862","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810862","article-title":"Hepatitis viruses control host immune responses by modifying the exosomal biogenesis pathway and cargo","volume":"23","author":"Karamichali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123940","article-title":"The multifaceted roles of autophagy in flavivirus-host interactions","volume":"19","author":"Ke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35717-5","article-title":"Transmission of Cricket paralysis virus via exosome-like vesicles during infection of Drosophila cells","volume":"8","author":"Kerr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3390\/v16060825","article-title":"Exosomes as conduits: facilitating hepatitis B virus-independent hepatitis D virus transmission and propagation in hepatocytes","volume":"16","author":"Khabir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12860","article-title":"Megaviruses contain various genes encoding for eukaryotic vesicle trafficking factors","volume":"23","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2602261","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2602261","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans-derived extracellular vesicles promote herpes simplex virus infection in oral epithelia","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00335","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles including exosomes regulate innate immune responses to hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Kouwaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-164178","article-title":"Chikungunya virus mobilizes the apoptotic machinery to invade host cell defenses","volume":"25","author":"Krejbich-Trotot","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14817-8","article-title":"Exosomes derived from HIV-1 infected DCs mediate viral trans-infection via fibronectin and galectin-3","volume":"7","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893325700086","article-title":"The NS1 protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus and extracellular vesicles from NS1-expressing cells: effect on expression of genes of the innate immune response in neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells","volume":"59","author":"Kuzmenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010867","article-title":"Protein-coding region derived small RNA in exosomes from influenza A virus-infected cells","volume":"24","author":"Kwasnik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009015","article-title":"A non-enveloped arbovirus released in lysosome-derived extracellular vesicles induces super-infection exclusion","volume":"16","author":"Labadie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8070965","article-title":"Multiple routes of bluetongue virus egress","volume":"8","author":"Labadie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010910","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010910","article-title":"Viral endosymbiotic infection of protozoan parasites: how it influences the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Lafleur","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2022.04.011","article-title":"Neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: lipoproteins and exosomes as Trojan horses","volume":"33","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12117","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012117","article-title":"Characterization and involvement of exosomes originating from chikungunya virus-infected epithelial cells in the transmission of infectious viral elements","volume":"23","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2023-0073","article-title":"The complex role of extracellular vesicles in HIV infection","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2647","article-title":"Exosomes mediate the cell-to-cell transmission of IFN-\u03b1-induced antiviral activity","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239153","article-title":"Reticulon-3 modulates the incorporation of replication competent hepatitis C virus molecules for release inside infectious exosomes","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-06692-4","article-title":"Giardiavirus infection alleviates growth restriction and intestinal damage caused by the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19028-w","article-title":"Lyn kinase regulates egress of flaviviruses in autophagosome-derived organelles","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148825","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01488-25","article-title":"Rab27a-mediated exosome secretion facilitates classical swine fever virus release and immune evasion","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063759","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle\u2013encapsulated adeno-associated viruses for therapeutic gene delivery to the heart","volume":"148","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03054","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03054-22","article-title":"Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus co-opts multivesicular-derived exosomes for transmission","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2022.01.026","article-title":"Semen extracellular vesicles mediate vertical transmission of subgroup J avian leukosis virus","volume":"37","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022578118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022578118","article-title":"Virus-induced cell gigantism and asymmetric cell division in archaea","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"uqab007","DOI":"10.1093\/femsml\/uqab007","article-title":"Extracellular membrane vesicles and nanotubes in Archaea","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"microLife"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s44298-025-00140-x","article-title":"Virion motility of sialoglycan-cleaving respiratory viruses","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.06.008","article-title":"Plant reoviruses hijack autophagy in insect vectors","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2418751122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418751122","article-title":"Palmitoylation-dependent association with Annexin II directs hepatitis E virus ORF3 sorting into vesicles and quasi-enveloped virions","volume":"122","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01483","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01483-21","article-title":"Chronic release of tailless phage particles from Lactococcus lactis","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13972","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle formation in Lactococcus lactis is stimulated by prophage-encoded holin-lysin system","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.10.146","article-title":"Exosome-associated hepatitis C virus in cell cultures and patient plasma","volume":"455","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2207848119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207848119","article-title":"Key role of exportin 6 in exosome-mediated viral transmission from insect vectors to plants","volume":"119","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00445","article-title":"Molecular and functional profiles of exosomes from HPV(+) and HPV(\u2212) head and neck cancer cell lines","volume":"8","author":"Ludwig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661935","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.661935","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by microglia during virus infection in the central nervous system activate an inflammatory response in bystander cells","volume":"9","author":"Luong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205906","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1205906","article-title":"HSV-1 selectively packs the transcription factor Oct-1 into EVs to facilitate its infection","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0027922","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00279-22","article-title":"PML body component Sp100A restricts wild-type herpes simplex virus 1 infection","volume":"96","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy035","article-title":"Lung-derived exosomal miR-483-3p regulates the innate immune response to influenza virus infection","volume":"217","author":"Maemura","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001415","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: hepadnaviridae","volume":"101","author":"Magnius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.303","article-title":"Microvesicle-associated AAV vector as a novel gene delivery system","volume":"20","author":"Maguire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11081922","article-title":"Identification of tomato infecting viruses that co-isolate with nanovesicles using a combined proteomics and electron-microscopic approach","volume":"11","author":"Mammadova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001021","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001021","article-title":"Bacteriophage infection of Escherichia coli leads to the formation of membrane vesicles via both explosive cell lysis and membrane blebbing","volume":"167","author":"Mandal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001424","article-title":"Exosomes promote caprine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection by inhibiting autophagy","volume":"101","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-016-1292-3","article-title":"Enterovirus 71 transmission by exosomes establishes a productive infection in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"52","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00265","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00265-17","article-title":"Filamentous structures induced by a phytoreovirus mediate viral release from salivary glands in its insect vector","volume":"91","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1055-y","article-title":"Torquetenovirus detection in exosomes enriched vesicles circulating in human plasma samples","volume":"15","author":"Martelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100659","article-title":"The Yin and the Yang of extracellular vesicles during viral infections","volume":"47","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105492","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105492","article-title":"Unbiased proteomic profiling of host cell extracellular vesicle composition and dynamics upon HIV-1 infection","volume":"40","author":"Martin-Jaular","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01792","article-title":"Characterization of dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles during dengue virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060654","article-title":"Re-discovery of Giardiavirus: genomic and functional analysis of viruses from Giardia duodenalis isolates","volume":"9","author":"Marucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200424887","article-title":"Association of hepatitis C virus envelope proteins with exosomes","volume":"34","author":"Masciopinto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2019.06.013","article-title":"Presence of HPV DNA in extracellular vesicles from HeLa cells and cervical samples","volume":"38","author":"Mata-Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36361-9","article-title":"Collaborative efforts to forecast seasonal influenza in the United States, 2015-2016","volume":"9","author":"McGowan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619519114","article-title":"Protein composition of the hepatitis A virus quasi-envelope","volume":"114","author":"McKnight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02344-17","article-title":"Nef secretion into extracellular vesicles or exosomes is conserved across human and simian immunodeficiency viruses","volume":"9","author":"McNamara","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122749","article-title":"Bacteriophages and bacterial extracellular vesicles, threat or opportunity?","volume":"350","author":"Meidaninikjeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S133430","article-title":"Pseudotyping exosomes for enhanced protein delivery in mammalian cells","volume":"12","author":"Meyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315551","article-title":"Replication of Mayaro virus in Aedes albopictus cells: an electron microscopic study","volume":"104","author":"Mezencio","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0121122","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01211-22","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are copurified with feline calicivirus, yet EV-enriched fractions remain infectious","volume":"10","author":"Mizenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000839","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: polyomaviridae","volume":"98","author":"Moens","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0345-x","article-title":"Serum-derived exosomes from non-viremic animals previously exposed to the porcine respiratory and reproductive virus contain antigenic viral proteins","volume":"47","author":"Montaner-Tarbes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36141-5","article-title":"Targeted-pig trial on safety and immunogenicity of serum-derived extracellular vesicles enriched fractions obtained from Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive virus infections","volume":"8","author":"Montaner-Tarbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100882","article-title":"Serum-derived extracellular vesicles from African Swine Fever Virus-infected pigs selectively recruit viral and porcine proteins","volume":"11","author":"Montaner-Tarbes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00379","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00379-19","article-title":"JC polyomavirus uses extracellular vesicles to infect target cells","volume":"10","author":"Morris-Love","year":"2019","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.43","article-title":"Biogenesis of JC polyomavirus associated extracellular vesicles","volume":"1","author":"Morris-Love","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12172","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12172","article-title":"Interaction with mammalian enteric viruses alters outer membrane vesicle production and content by commensal bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Mosby","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.19.00381","article-title":"Turnip mosaic virus components are released into the extracellular space by vesicles in infected leaves","volume":"180","author":"Movahed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14645","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus-induced let-7a\/b interacted with the NOTCH-TLR7 pathway in microglia and facilitated neuronal death via caspase activation","volume":"149","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.066910-0","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus egress depends on the exosomal pathway, with secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies","volume":"95","author":"Nagashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-013-1912-3","article-title":"The membrane on the surface of hepatitis E virus particles is derived from the intracellular membrane and contains trans-Golgi network protein 2","volume":"159","author":"Nagashima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00822","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00822-17","article-title":"Characterization of the quasi-enveloped hepatitis E virus particles released by the cellular exosomal pathway","volume":"91","author":"Nagashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20156","article-title":"Viroid and viroid-like elements in plants and plant-associated microbiota: a new layer of biodiversity for plant holobionts","volume":"244","author":"Navarro","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.065","article-title":"Release of immunomodulatory Ebola virus glycoprotein-containing microvesicles is suppressed by tetherin in a species-specific manner","volume":"26","author":"Nehls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111753","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles released by enterovirus-infected EndoC-\u03b2H1 cells mediate non-lytic viral spread","volume":"8","author":"Netanyah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-06099-5_4","article-title":"Orthomyxovirus replication, transcription, and polyadenylation","volume":"283","author":"Neumann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63180-8","article-title":"A comparative study of extracellular vesicle-associated and cell-free DNA and RNA for HPV detection in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Niel\u00a0van","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0084824","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00848-24","article-title":"Suppression of the host antiviral response by non-infectious varicella zoster virus extracellular vesicles","volume":"98","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110863","article-title":"Plasma exosomes from viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus-infected olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): proteomic insights and wound healing effects","volume":"167","author":"Nikapitiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2025.110316","article-title":"Characterization, microRNA profiling, and immunomodulatory role of plasma-derived exosomes from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus","volume":"162","author":"Nikapitiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1709","article-title":"The exosome-associated tetraspanin CD63 contributes to the efficient assembly and infectivity of the hepatitis B virus","volume":"5","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101300","article-title":"Cargo and biological properties of extracellular vesicles released from human adenovirus type 4-infected lung epithelial cells","volume":"17","author":"Noghero","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605146113","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and viruses: are they close relatives?","volume":"113","author":"Nolte-\u2018t\u00a0Hoen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-021-00806-7","article-title":"Virus-like particles: preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug nanocarriers","volume":"19","author":"Nooraei","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008371","article-title":"JC Virus infected choroid plexus epithelial cells produce extracellular vesicles that infect glial cells independently of the virus attachment receptor","volume":"16","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2025.153142","article-title":"Higher levels of urinary extracellular vesicles and immune mediators are related to acute infection severity during the post-COVID period","volume":"230","author":"Oliveira\u00a0de","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030531","article-title":"Identification of endosymbiotic virus in small extracellular vesicles derived from Trichomonas vaginalis","volume":"13","author":"Ong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100856","article-title":"Hepatitis E virus infection: circulation, molecular epidemiology, and impact on global health","volume":"9","author":"Pallerla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030976","article-title":"Canine coronavirus infection modulates the biogenesis and composition of cell-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Pandit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006750117","article-title":"Mammalian deltavirus without hepadnavirus coinfection in the neotropical rodent Proechimys semispinosus","volume":"117","author":"Paraskevopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250339","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1250339","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles bound to bacteriophages modulate neutrophil responses to bacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Pennetzdorfer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785941","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785941","article-title":"Exosomes recovered from the plasma of COVID-19 patients expose SARS-CoV-2 spike-derived fragments and contribute to the adaptive immune response","volume":"12","author":"Pesce","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-021-00550-8","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from HTLV-1 infected cells modulate target cells and viral spread","volume":"18","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02147","article-title":"HTLV-1 extracellular vesicles promote cell-to-cell contact","volume":"10","author":"Pinto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050410","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and ebola virus: a new mechanism of immune evasion","volume":"11","author":"Pleet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S365","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy472","article-title":"Ebola virus VP40 modulates cell cycle and biogenesis of extracellular vesicles","volume":"218","author":"Pleet","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70137","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70137","article-title":"Inhibitors of Tax1-PDZ interactions block HTLV-1 viral transmission by changing EV composition","volume":"14","author":"Puttemans","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893692","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.893692","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA viruses are released from Trichomonas vaginalis inside small extracellular vesicles and modulate the exosomal cargo","volume":"13","author":"Rada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221899110","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transmission of hepatitis C virus between human hepatoma Huh7.5 cells","volume":"110","author":"Ramakrishnaiah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.025","article-title":"Delivery of oncolytic adenovirus into the nucleus of tumorigenic cells by tumor microparticles for virotherapy","volume":"89","author":"Ran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020239","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from Human Papilloma Virus-infected cervical cancer cells enhance HIV-1 replication in differentiated U1 cell line","volume":"12","author":"Ranjit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-71680-w","article-title":"Unveiling alternate pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection via extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of ACE2 and TMPRSS2","volume":"17","author":"Rea-Moreno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00244","article-title":"Tick-borne flavivirus inhibits sphingomyelinase (IsSMase), a venomous spider ortholog to increase sphingomyelin lipid levels for its survival in Ixodes scapularis ticks","volume":"10","author":"Regmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2018.12.035","article-title":"Separation of virus-like particles and extracellular vesicles by flow-through and heparin affinity chromatography","volume":"1588","author":"Reiter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070765","article-title":"The regulation of flavivirus infection by hijacking exosome-mediated cell\u2013cell communication: new insights on virus\u2013host interactions","volume":"12","author":"Reyes-Ruiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43983","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43983","article-title":"Cellular entry and uncoating of naked and quasi-enveloped human hepatoviruses","volume":"8","author":"Rivera-Serrano","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061127","article-title":"Intra- and cross-species transmission of astroviruses","volume":"13","author":"Roach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004045","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004045","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2024.102366","article-title":"Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles from the pathogen perspective: transkingdom strategies for delivering messages","volume":"88","author":"Rojas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.4.1557","article-title":"Novel packages of viral and self-antigens are generated during apoptosis","volume":"181","author":"Rosen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010012","article-title":"Profiling of snoRNAs in exosomes secreted from cells infected with influenza A virus","volume":"26","author":"Rozek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-411584-2.00008-1","article-title":"Tombusvirus-induced multivesicular bodies","volume-title":"Plant Virus\u2013Host Interaction","author":"Rubino","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111094","article-title":"Pathogens that rewrite the rules: ascoviruses, elegant manipulators of cell death pathways and architects of the extracellular viral paradigm","volume":"14","author":"Rudd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0245221","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02452-21","article-title":"Density analysis of enterovirus D68 shows viral particles can associate with exosomes","volume":"10","author":"Rudy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747206","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1747206","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles provide a capsid-free vector for oncolytic adenoviral DNA delivery","volume":"9","author":"Saari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.03.005","article-title":"Herpesviruses hijack host exosomes for viral pathogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Sadeghipour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020364","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles are conveyors of the NS1 toxin during dengue virus and zika virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Safadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648731","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.648731","article-title":"Marseilleviruses: an update in 2021","volume":"12","author":"Sahmi-Bounsiar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01900-4","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus infection and its impact in human health: an overview","volume":"19","author":"Sant\u2019Anna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.006","article-title":"Vesicle-cloaked virus clusters are optimal units for inter-organismal viral transmission","volume":"24","author":"Santiana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00902-7","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus tegument protein BGLF2 in exosomes released from virus-producing cells facilitates de novo infection","volume":"20","author":"Sato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0024-3","article-title":"Communication via extracellular vesicles enhances viral infection of a cosmopolitan alga","volume":"2","author":"Schatz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01018-5","article-title":"Ecological significance of extracellular vesicles in modulating host-virus interactions during algal blooms","volume":"15","author":"Schatz","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.245","article-title":"Vaccinia extracellular virions enter cells by macropinocytosis and acid-activated membrane rupture","volume":"30","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105057","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020105057","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit endosomal fusion of influenza virus","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000085","article-title":"Cellular proteins in influenza virus particles","volume":"4","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(65)90171-6","article-title":"Electron microscopic evidense for the systemic invasion of an insect host by a plant pathogenic virus","volume":"27","author":"Shikata","year":"1965","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010543","article-title":"Nonlytic cellular release of hepatitis A virus requires dual capsid recruitment of the ESCRT-associated Bro1 domain proteins HD-PTP and ALIX","volume":"18","author":"Shirasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27959-9","article-title":"Membrane vesicles released by Lacticaseibacillus casei BL23 inhibit the biofilm formation of Salmonella Enteritidis","volume":"13","author":"Silva\u00a0Barreira\u00a0da","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490755","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1490755","article-title":"The Sdp-SH3b2 domain contained in Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2-derived extracellular vesicles inhibit murine norovirus replication","volume":"15","author":"Silva\u00a0da","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02490-15","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate receptor-independent transmission of novel tick-borne bunyavirus","volume":"90","author":"Silvas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4893","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S70999","article-title":"Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediate viral entry","volume":"9","author":"Sims","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01347","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01347-17","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B escapes the infected cell in ejected mitophagosomes","volume":"91","author":"Sin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5835-6","article-title":"West Nile virus infection and interferon alpha treatment alter the spectrum and the levels of coding and noncoding host RNAs secreted in extracellular vesicles","volume":"20","author":"Slonchak","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011637","article-title":"Mammalian orthoreovirus can exit cells in extracellular vesicles","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0390036","article-title":"Plasmids, viruses and virus-like membrane vesicles from Thermococcales","volume":"39","author":"Soler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2008.04.015","article-title":"Virus-like vesicles and extracellular DNA produced by hyperthermophilic archaea of the order Thermococcales","volume":"159","author":"Soler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12171","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12171","article-title":"Reporter gene assay for membrane fusion of extracellular vesicles","volume":"10","author":"Somiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.016","article-title":"Omics-driven systems interrogation of metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19 pathogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2008.07.003","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles containing virus-encoded membrane proteins are a byproduct of infection with modified vaccinia virus Ankara","volume":"137","author":"Spehner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2363-9","article-title":"Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects","volume":"160","author":"Spandole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510638","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.510638","article-title":"In vitro analysis of O-antigen-specific bacteriophage P22 inactivation by salmonella outer membrane vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Stephan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0652","article-title":"Co-replication of a reovirus and a polydnavirus in the ichneumonid parasitoid hyposoter exiguae","volume":"278","author":"Stoltz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuab044","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab044","article-title":"Communication is key: extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host\u2013microbe interactions in animals and plants","volume":"46","author":"Stotz","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735280","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735280","article-title":"Semen-derived exosomes mediate immune escape and transmission of reticuloendotheliosis virus","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0330823","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03308-23","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus type 1 modifies the protein composition of extracellular vesicles to promote neurite outgrowth and neuroinfection","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052141","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1052141","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of single extracellular vesicles reveals colocalization of SARS-CoV-2 with a CD81\/integrin-rich EV subpopulation in sputum from COVID-19 severe patients","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01849-13","article-title":"Autophagy benefits the replication of newcastle disease virus in chicken cells and tissues","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002385","article-title":"Comorbidities of HIV infection: role of Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality","volume":"34","author":"Sviridov","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15287","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15287","article-title":"Exosomes maintain cellular homeostasis by excreting harmful DNA from cells","volume":"8","author":"Takahashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-008-0179-6","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies raised against the ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus (HEV) can capture HEV particles in culture supernatant and serum but not those in feces","volume":"153","author":"Takahashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.11.009","article-title":"Regulation of hepatitis C virus secretion by the Hrs-dependent exosomal pathway","volume":"422","author":"Tamai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003505","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202003505","article-title":"Shedding light on extracellular vesicle biogenesis and bioengineering","volume":"8","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2024.200286","article-title":"Viral miRNA delivered by exosomes from Marek\u2019s disease virus-transformed lymphoma cell line exerts regulatory function in internalized primary chicken embryo fibroblast cells","volume":"18","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15590","article-title":"Escaping the Lion\u2019s Den: redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses","volume":"288","author":"Teo","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6608","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001768","article-title":"Exosome-driven antigen transfer for MHC class II presentation facilitated by the receptor binding activity of influenza hemagglutinin","volume":"185","author":"Testa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12231","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12231","article-title":"ACE2-enriched extracellular vesicles enhance infectivity of live SARS-CoV-2 virus","volume":"11","author":"Tey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02195-y","article-title":"Microvesicles carrying EV71 virions cross BBB through endocytic pathway to induce brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal CCS"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.042","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus induces apoptosis during coinfection with adenovirus","volume":"358","author":"Timpe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13098","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713098","article-title":"Exosomal MicroRNA and protein profiles of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"24","author":"Todorova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76623-z","article-title":"Comprehensive profiling of extracellular RNA in HPV-induced cancers using an improved pipeline for small RNA-seq analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00492-w","article-title":"Prophage-triggered membrane vesicle formation through peptidoglycan damage in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"8","author":"Toyofuku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"002191","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002191","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles released from Marek\u2019s disease virus-transformed T-cells impact immune cell proliferation","volume":"106","author":"Trapp-Fragnet","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12112","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12112","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Troyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020176","article-title":"Differentially expressed miRNA profiles in serum-derived exosomes from cattle infected with lumpy skin disease virus","volume":"14","author":"Truong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11220","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11220","article-title":"Explosive cell lysis as a mechanism for the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Turnbull","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-022-05694-2","article-title":"Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee","volume":"168","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.12.003","article-title":"Acquisition of phage sensitivity by bacteria through exchange of phage receptors","volume":"168","author":"Tzipilevich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31181-y","article-title":"The encephalomyocarditis virus Leader promotes the release of virions inside extracellular vesicles via the induction of secretory autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Van\u00a0Der\u00a0Grein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib306","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.163","article-title":"Characterisation of extracellular vesicles in baculovirus infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells","volume":"3","author":"Van\u00a0Es","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12478","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12478","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef is carried on the surface of extracellular vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Vanpouille","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.060400-0","article-title":"Comparative ultrastructural characterization of African horse sickness virus-infected mammalian and insect cells reveals a novel potential virus release mechanism from insect cells","volume":"95","author":"Venter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.03.003","article-title":"Investigation on torquetenovirus (TTV) microRNA transcriptome in vivo","volume":"217","author":"Vignolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275277","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1275277","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle storm during the course of Ebola virus infection in primates","volume":"13","author":"Vucetic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib311","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00244","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00244-22","article-title":"PPRV-induced autophagy facilitates infectious virus transmission by the exosomal pathway","volume":"96","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib312","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70152","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70152","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles containing MDP derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibit HSV-2 infection by activating the NOD2-IFN-I signalling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071537","article-title":"Exosome-mediated delivery of inducible miR-423-5p enhances resistance of MRC-5 cells to rabies virus infection","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-019-00087-3","article-title":"Exosomes released from rabies virus-infected cells may be involved in the infection process","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01780-w","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus as a delivery vector for gene therapy of human diseases","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib316","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2026.1722725","article-title":"Profiling of extracellular vesicle-associated microRNAs reveals a regulated response to potato virus Y infection in tomato","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115635","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-mediated plant miRNA trafficking regulates viral infection in insect vector","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib318","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01734","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01734-17","article-title":"Exosomes mediate intercellular transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1987673","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles originating from autophagy mediate an antibody-resistant spread of classical swine fever virus in cell culture","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071610","article-title":"Nonenveloped avian reoviruses released with small extracellular vesicles are highly infectious","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/002063-0","article-title":"Rice dwarf virus is engulfed into and released via vesicular compartments in cultured insect vector cells","volume":"89","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib322","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.2.4.8335","article-title":"Release of Rice dwarf virus from insect vector cells involves secretory exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies","volume":"2","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun Integr Biol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081559","article-title":"Importance of viral late domains in budding and release of enveloped RNA viruses","volume":"13","author":"Welker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12050477","article-title":"Comparative examination of feline coronavirus and canine coronavirus effects on extracellular vesicles acquired from A-72 canine fibrosarcoma cell line","volume":"12","author":"Wijerathne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507995103","article-title":"Immature dendritic cell-derived exosomes can mediate HIV-1 trans infection","volume":"103","author":"Wiley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225695","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles\u2014connecting kingdoms","volume":"20","author":"Woith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib328","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.36388","article-title":"Exosomal microRNA-155 inhibits enterovirus A71 infection by targeting PICALM","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.09.012","article-title":"Presence of intact hepatitis B virions in exosomes","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1013582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013582","article-title":"Insect-borne non-enveloped bluetongue virus utilizes discrete small vesicles for non-lytic release and cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib331","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03066","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication within host-parasite interactions","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib332","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00510-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles mediate antibody-resistant transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02197-9","article-title":"Viral oncogenesis in cancer: from mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib334","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70033","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70033","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles promote the infection and pathogenicity of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib335","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109621","article-title":"Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 transmission by exosomes establishes a productive infection in vivo and in vitro","volume":"277","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib336","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809135","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.809135","article-title":"Functional analysis and proteomics profiling of extracellular vesicles from swine plasma infected by African swine fever virus","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108889","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease virus degrades Rab27a to suppress the exosome-mediated antiviral immune response","volume":"251","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib338","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00812-x","article-title":"Intercellular transmission of Seneca Valley virus mediated by exosomes","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.12.047","article-title":"Detection of viral components in exosomes derived from NDV-infected DF-1 cells and their promoting ability in virus replication","volume":"128","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib340","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109167","article-title":"NDV related exosomes enhance NDV replication through exporting NLRX1 mRNA","volume":"260","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib341","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12091836","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicle production by Escherichia coli enhances its defense against phage infection","volume":"12","author":"Xuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib342","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5c00304","article-title":"The multiomics landscape of plasma-derived small extracellular vesicles during the development of HPV+ cervical cancer","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2024.108788","article-title":"Giardia intestinalis extracellular vesicles induce changes in gene expression in human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro","volume":"262","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib344","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64531-1","article-title":"Complexity and ultrastructure of infectious extracellular vesicles from cells infected by non-enveloped virus","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01919","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01919-16","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus-encoded microRNA controls viral replication","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2016.24","article-title":"Exosomes mediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission and NK-cell dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143322","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01433-22","article-title":"Cathelicidins Target HSP60 To Restrict CVB3 Transmission via Disrupting the Exosome and Reducing Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Viro"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib348","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011224","article-title":"The anti-immune dengue subgenomic flaviviral RNA is present in vesicles in mosquito saliva and is associated with increased infectivity","volume":"19","author":"Yeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005032","article-title":"MiR-21 in extracellular vesicles leads to neurotoxicity via TLR7 signaling in SIV neurological disease","volume":"11","author":"Yelamanchili","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01449-0","article-title":"Chikungunya virus cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by intercellular extensions in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02804-15","article-title":"Distinct entry mechanisms for nonenveloped and quasi-enveloped hepatitis E viruses","volume":"90","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2023.02.012","article-title":"Ceramide-dependent trafficking of Epstein-Barr virus LMP1 to small extracellular vesicles","volume":"581","author":"York","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00192-21","article-title":"Zika virus hijacks extracellular vesicle tetraspanin pathways for cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"6","author":"York","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03119","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03119-22","article-title":"Apoptosis or antiapoptosis? Interrupted regulated cell death of host cells by ascovirus infection in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01566","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01566-22","article-title":"An ascovirus utilizes different types of host larval regulated cell death mechanisms to produce and release vesicles","volume":"97","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00974","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00974-24","article-title":"Fish Snx27 promotes viral products by modulating the innate immune response and exosomal machinery","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122690","article-title":"Exosomes released by influenza-virus-infected cells carry factors capable of suppressing immune defense genes in na\u00efve cells","volume":"14","author":"Zabrodskaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib358","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01171","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01171-25","article-title":"Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus VW572 (not Gent\/PS412 and Labadie) uses the CD81 receptor and MVB-derived exosomal pathway for efficient entry and spread in neuronal cells","volume":"99","author":"Zaib","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2024.111999","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in plant-microbe interactions: recent advances and future directions","volume":"341","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib360","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.04.030","article-title":"Exosomes-mediated transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo and in vitro","volume":"233","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011134","article-title":"Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus induces incomplete autophagy for persistence in gut epithelial cells of its vector insect","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib362","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c01763","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic unit of vesicle-cloaked murine norovirus clusters is resistant to environmental stresses and UV254 disinfection","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib363","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105875","article-title":"Enterovirus 71-induced autophagosome fusion with multivesicular bodies facilitates viral RNA packaging into exosomes","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib364","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.04.034","article-title":"Chandipura viral glycoprotein (CNV-G) promotes Gectosome generation and enables delivery of intracellular therapeutics","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.7.6.15267","article-title":"Autophagy promotes the replication of encephalomyocarditis virus in host cells","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109902","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021109902","article-title":"Mouse circulating extracellular vesicles contain virus-derived siRNAs active in antiviral immunity","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib367","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70924-3","article-title":"The hijacking of HBV by small extracellular vesicles inhibits M1 macrophages to facilitate immune evasion","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e112096","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112096","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from Zika virus-infected cells display viral E protein that binds ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies to prevent infection enhancement","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib369","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624171","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2026.2624171","article-title":"Induction of DNA-mediated immune responses by bacterial extracellular vesicles results in control of murine norovirus infection","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060527","article-title":"Exosomes carry microRNAs into neighboring cells to promote diffusive infection of Newcastle disease virus","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901593","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901593","article-title":"Bracovirus sneaks into apoptotic bodies transmitting immunosuppressive signaling driven by integration-mediated eIF5A hypusination","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib372","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006764","article-title":"Exosomes serve as novel modes of tick-borne flavivirus transmission from arthropod to human cells and facilitates dissemination of viral RNA and proteins to the vertebrate neuronal cells","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib373","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1578188","article-title":"Exosomes mediate Zika virus transmission through SMPD3 neutral Sphingomyelinase in cortical neurons","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805633","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.805633","article-title":"Arabidopsis tetraspanins facilitate virus infection via membrane-recognition GCCK\/RP motif and cysteine residues","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12339","article-title":"IFITM3-containing exosome as a novel mediator for anti-viral response in dengue virus infection: antiviral effect of IFITM3 mediated by exosome","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579452","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.579452","article-title":"Motley crew: overview of the currently available phage diversity","volume":"11","author":"Zrelovs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026070911290237200_bib377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030142","article-title":"Autophagy-dependent secretion: crosstalk between autophagy and exosome biogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Zubkova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Iss Mol Biol"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028\/68590132\/fuag028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028\/68590132\/fuag028.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028\/68590132\/fuag028.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1783610956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028\/8714989"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christian","family":"M\u00fcnz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":377,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fuag028"}}