{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:06:49Z","timestamp":1791378409557,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":233,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09120012010040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09120012010040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain proteins comprise a conserved superfamily defined by a characteristic helix-grip fold that enables the binding of hydrophobic ligands. In mammals, START domain proteins have been extensively characterized as key mediators of nonvesicular lipid transport and lipid-dependent signalling pathways. In contrast, the prevalence, structural diversity, and functional roles of START domain proteins in bacteria remain underexplored and for those that are characterized, experimental findings are occasionally conflicting. While bacterial START domains preserve the core helix-grip fold for lipid binding, they are typically smaller and exhibit more limited conformational flexibility than their eukaryotic counterparts. Despite these apparent constraints, available experimental data suggest that bacterial START domains participate in a remarkably broad range of biological processes\u2014including small-molecule binding, metabolic regulation, enzymatic catalysis, and stress adaptation\u2014rather than traditional lipid transport. Bacteria within the phylum Actinomycetota, in particular, have evolved a prolific repertoire of START-domain proteins. As an example, we will discuss the START domain proteins of Mycobacterium\u00a0tuberculosis in detail, one of which has emerged as a promising drug target. Collectively, this synthesis underscores the functional versatility of the START domain across the domains of life and identifies critical knowledge gaps that warrant further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:50:10Z","timestamp":1787313010000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Getting a grip on StAR-related lipid-transfer (START) domain proteins in bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Ece","family":"Aslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, 1081 HZ ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia I","family":"Lubova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Groningen , Groningen, 9747 AG ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Speer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, 1081 HZ ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbert","family":"Bitter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC , Amsterdam, 1081 HZ ,","place":["the Netherlands"]},{"name":"Molecular Microbiology A-LIFE Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, 1081 HZ ,","place":["the Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5500","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.139295","article-title":"STARD3\/STARD3NL and VAP make a novel molecular tether between late endosomes and the ER","volume":"126","author":"Alpy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02485","article-title":"Give lipids a START: the StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain in mammals","volume-title":"J Cell Sci","author":"Alpy","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.09.015","article-title":"START ships lipids across interorganelle space","volume-title":"Biochimie","author":"Alpy","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709223105","article-title":"Crystal structure and functional analysis of tetracenomycin ARO\/CYC: implications for cyclization specificity of aromatic polyketides","volume":"105","author":"Ames","year":"2008","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170106","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 deficiencies: pathways in yeast and humans","volume":"62","author":"Awad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Essays Biochem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42627","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510768200","article-title":"The Saccharomyces cerevisiae COQ10 gene encodes a START domain protein required for function of coenzyme Q in respiration","volume":"280","author":"Barros","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13071151","article-title":"The history and science of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1","volume":"13","author":"Breiteneder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.108061","article-title":"The lipocone superfamily, a unifying theme in metabolism of lipids, peptidoglycan and exopolysaccharides, inter-organismal conflicts and immunity","volume":"14","author":"Burroughs","year":"2025","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512976112","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of two di-domain aromatase\/cyclases from type II polyketide synthases","volume":"112","author":"Caldara-Festin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0241-9","article-title":"Adaptive response of Rhodococcus opacus PWD4 to salt and phenolic stress on the level of mycolic acids","volume":"6","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMB Expr"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2015.10.004","article-title":"The orchestra of lipid-transfer proteins at the crossroads between metabolism and signaling","volume":"61","author":"Chiapparino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progr Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13184","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413184","article-title":"Ceramide transfer protein (CERT): an overlooked molecular player in cancer","volume":"22","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28314","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)46930-X","article-title":"The purification, cloning, and expression of a novel luteinizing hormone-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Characterization of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)","volume":"269","author":"Clark","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2020.110704","article-title":"The START-domain proteins in intracellular lipid transport and beyond","volume":"504","author":"Clark\u00a0Barbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1112-7","volume-title":"Cholesterol Transporters of the START Domain Protein Family in Health and Disease: START Proteins-Structure and Function","author":"Clark\u00a0Barbara","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2018.04.011","article-title":"Phospholipid transport protein function at organelle contact sites","volume":"53","author":"Cockcroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0479-8","article-title":"Atmospheric carbon monoxide oxidation is a widespread mechanism supporting microbial survival","volume":"13","author":"Cordero","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.7.2790","article-title":"A stationary-phase stress-response sigma factor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"93","author":"DeMaio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.784367","article-title":"Mechanisms of non-vesicular exchange of lipids at membrane contact sites: of shuttles, tunnels and, funnels","volume":"9","author":"Egea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-026-00705-3","article-title":"STARD3 regulates lysosome positioning and contacts via a GSK3-controlled phosphorylation switch","volume":"45","author":"Eichler","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.08.012","article-title":"Mitochondrial cholesterol import","volume":"1862","author":"Elustondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19243","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.32.19243","article-title":"Secondary structure and tertiary fold of the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 in solution","volume":"271","author":"Faber","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081352","article-title":"PYR\/PYL\/RCAR receptors play a vital role in the abscisic-acid-dependent responses of plants to external or internal stimuli","volume":"11","author":"Fidler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1064","article-title":"PasT of Escherichia coli sustains antibiotic tolerance and aerobic respiration as a bacterial homolog of mitochondrial Coq10","volume":"9","author":"Fino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2019.04.013","article-title":"Vesicular and non-vesicular lipid export from the ER to the secretory pathway","volume":"1865","author":"Funato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb1296-1040","article-title":"X-ray and NMR structure of Bet v 1, the origin of birch pollen allergy","volume":"3","author":"Gajhede","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat Struct Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2022.12.006","article-title":"Coenzyme Q biochemistry and biosynthesis","volume":"48","author":"Guerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2020.100606","article-title":"ParKVFinder: a thread-level parallel approach in biomolecular cavity detection","volume":"12","author":"Guerra\u00a0JV","year":"2020","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202302509","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202302509","article-title":"Modulating mycobacterial envelope integrity for antibiotic synergy with benzothiazoles","volume":"7","author":"Habjan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02188","article-title":"Molecular machinery for non-vesicular trafficking of ceramide","volume":"426","author":"Hanada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201798002","article-title":"Molecular basis for sterol transport by St ART -like lipid transfer domains","volume":"37","author":"Horenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13663","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201806729","article-title":"Enzymology of anthraquinone-\u03b3-pyrone ring formation in complex aromatic polyketide biosynthesis","volume":"130","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00035-10","article-title":"The SigF regulon in Mycobacterium smegmatis reveals roles in adaptation to stationary phase, heat, and oxidative stress","volume":"192","author":"Hu\u0308mpel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/75192","article-title":"Structure and lipid transport mechanism of a StAR-related domain","volume":"7","author":"Hurley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad058","article-title":"The START domain potentiates HD-ZIPIII transcriptional activity","volume":"35","author":"Husbands","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2020.158609","article-title":"Stable reduction of STARD4 alters cholesterol regulation and lipid homeostasis","volume":"1865","author":"Iaea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0134(20010501)43:2&lt;134::AID-PROT1025&gt;3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Adaptations of the helix-grip fold for ligand binding and catalysis in the START domain superfamily","volume":"43","author":"Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proteins Struct Funct Genet"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2002164","article-title":"A brand new START: abscisic acid perception and transduction in the guard cell","volume":"4","author":"Joshi-Saha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2010.02.001","article-title":"PC-TP\/StARD2: of membranes and metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30728","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703745200","article-title":"Interacting proteins dictate function of the minimal START domain phosphatidylcholine transfer protein\/StarD2","volume":"282","author":"Kanno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30279","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605032200","article-title":"Efficient trafficking of ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum to the golgi apparatus requires a VAMP-associated protein-interacting FFAT Motif of CERT","volume":"281","author":"Kawano","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4644","article-title":"Domain swapping of the C-terminal helix promotes the dimerization of a novel ribonuclease protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-025-01836-0","article-title":"Quinone extraction drives atmospheric carbon monoxide oxidation in bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Kropp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.12.029","article-title":"Crystal structures of the CERT START domain with inhibitors provide insights into the mechanism of ceramide transfer","volume":"396","author":"Kudo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709191105","article-title":"Structural basis for specific lipid recognition by CERT responsible for nonvesicular trafficking of ceramide","volume":"105","author":"Kudo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17758","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M702291200","article-title":"Interorganelle trafficking of ceramide is regulated by phosphorylation-dependent cooperativity between the PH and START domains of CERT","volume":"282","author":"Kumagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13511","article-title":"Structure functions and regulation of CERT, a lipid-transfer protein for the delivery of ceramide at the ER\u2013Golgi membrane contact sites","volume":"593","author":"Kumagai","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2014.12.004","article-title":"Membrane contact sites, gateways for lipid homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Lahiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-8622-8_15","article-title":"Mammalian StAR-Related Lipid Transfer (START) domains with specificity for cholesterol: structural conservation and mechanism of reversible binding","volume-title":"Sub Cell Biochem","author":"Lavigne","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1021\/bi201705q","article-title":"Insight into the molecular basis of aromatic polyketide cyclization: crystal structure and in vitro characterization of WhiE-ORFVI","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s10969-010-9086-7","article-title":"High-throughput computational structure-based characterization of protein families: START domains and implications for structural genomics","volume-title":"J Struct Funct Genomics","author":"Lee","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28486","article-title":"STARD6 on steroids: solution structure, multiple timescale backbone dynamics and ligand binding mechanism","volume":"6","author":"L\u00e9tourneau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1112-7_3","article-title":"START domain protein structure and ligand specificity","volume-title":"Cholesterol Transporters of the START Domain Protein Family in Health and Disease","author":"L\u00e9tourneau","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.12.016","article-title":"The binding site specificity of STARD4 subfamily: breaking the cholesterol paradigm","volume-title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","author":"L\u00e9tourneau","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846722","article-title":"A novel acyl-AcpM-binding protein confers intrinsic sensitivity to fatty acid synthase type II inhibitors in Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.12717\/DR.2025.29.3.63","article-title":"The Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (STAR) gene anatomy, expression, and roles","volume":"29","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev Reprod"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21662","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.135731","article-title":"Lipid droplet-associated proteins are involved in the biosynthesis and hydrolysis of triacylglycerol in Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin","volume":"285","author":"Low","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.07.039","article-title":"Cavity architecture based modulation of ligand binding tunnels in plant START domains","volume":"21","author":"Mahtha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08613","article-title":"A gate\u2013latch\u2013lock mechanism for hormone signalling by abscisic acid receptors","volume":"462","author":"Melcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s12104-009-9172-6","article-title":"1H, 13C, and 15 N NMR assignments for the Bacillus subtilis yndB START domain","volume":"3","author":"Mercier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomol NMR Assign"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-012-1247-3","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms of sterol transport between organelles","volume-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci","author":"Mesmin","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.4c02398","article-title":"A membrane-assisted mechanism for the release of ceramide from the CERT START domain","volume":"128","author":"Moqadam","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M600232-JLR200","article-title":"Modeling the structure of the StART domains of MLN64 and StAR proteins in complex with cholesterol","volume":"47","author":"Murcia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1107\/S1744309105035372","article-title":"Structure of a conserved hypothetical protein, TTHA0849 from Thermus thermophilus HB8, at 2.4 \u00c5 resolution: a putative member of the StAR-related lipid-transfer (START) domain superfamily","volume":"61","author":"Nakabayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Cryst Commun"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42004-019-0118-3","article-title":"Natural ligand-nonmimetic inhibitors of the lipid-transfer protein CERT","volume":"2","author":"Nakao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Commun Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13101","article-title":"Mycolic acids: deciphering and targeting the Achilles\u2019 heel of the tubercle bacillus","volume":"98","author":"Nataraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(99)01362-6","article-title":"START: a lipid-binding domain in StAR, HD-ZIP and signalling proteins","volume":"24","author":"Ponting","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.19363","article-title":"Constitutive activation of ABA receptors in Arabidopsis reveals unique regulatory circuitries","volume":"241","author":"Pri-Tal","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-286","article-title":"The Bet v 1 fold: an ancient, versatile scaffold for binding of large, hydrophobic ligands","volume":"8","author":"Radauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000767","article-title":"Comprehensive functional analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis toxin-antitoxin systems: implications for pathogenesis, stress responses, and evolution","volume":"5","author":"Ramage","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb812","article-title":"Structure of human phosphatidylcholine transfer protein in complex with its ligand","volume":"9","author":"Roderick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M091967","article-title":"StarD5: an ER stress protein regulates plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"60","author":"Rodriguez-Agudo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400501-JLR200","article-title":"Human StarD5, a cytosolic StAR-related lipid binding protein","volume":"46","author":"Rodriguez-Agudo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700537-JLR200","article-title":"Intracellular cholesterol transporter StarD4 binds free cholesterol and increases cholesteryl ester formation","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez-Agudo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib75","first-page":"6949","article-title":"Crystal structure of the Mus Musculus cholesterol-regulated START protein 4 (StarD4) containing a StAR-related lipid transfer domain","volume-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","author":"Romanowski","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20080111","article-title":"The mechanism of specific binding of free cholesterol by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: evidence for a role of the C-terminal \u03b1-helix in the gating of the binding site","volume":"29","author":"Roostaee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0502-3","article-title":"Mapping and manipulating the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptome using a transcription factor overexpression-derived regulatory network","volume":"15","author":"Rustad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0070-8","article-title":"Shared functions of plant and mammalian StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domains in modulating transcription factor activity","volume":"12","author":"Schrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib79","first-page":"R41","article-title":"START lipid\/sterol-binding domains are amplified in plants and are predominantly associated with homeodomain transcription factors","volume-title":"Genome Biol","author":"Schrick","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20130413","article-title":"Secret of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1: identification of the physiological ligand","volume":"457","author":"Seutter\u00a0von\u00a0Loetzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005641","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005641","article-title":"Leaderless transcripts and small proteins are common features of the mycobacterial translational landscape","volume":"11","author":"Shell","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.20365","article-title":"NMR structure of the 18 kDa protein CC1736 from Caulobacter crescentus identifies a member of the \u2018START\u2019 domain superfamily and suggests residues mediating substrate specificity","volume":"58","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1021\/cb6002898","article-title":"Structural insight into the self-sacrifice mechanism of enediyne resistance","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACS Chem Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164253","article-title":"Identification of a desaturase involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22183","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R300003200","article-title":"StAR-related lipid transfer (START) proteins: mediators of intracellular lipid metabolism","volume-title":"J Biol Chem","author":"Soccio","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.22840","article-title":"Solution structure and function of YndB, an AHSA1 protein from Bacillus subtilis","volume":"78","author":"Stark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(03)00063-7","article-title":"START domain proteins and the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol in steroidogenic cells","volume":"202","author":"Strauss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8287","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.4c01743","article-title":"Model mechanism for lipid uptake by the human STARD2\/PC-TP phosphatidylcholine transfer protein","volume":"15","author":"Talandashti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Phys Chem Lett"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2024.168572","article-title":"Membrane specificity of the human cholesterol transfer protein STARD4","volume":"436","author":"Talandashti","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110119","article-title":"Role of ceramide\/sphingomyelin (SM) balance regulated through \u201cSM cycle\u201d in cancer","volume":"87","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Signall"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37956","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406144200","article-title":"Structural and functional analysis of tetracenomycin F2 cyclase from Streptomyces glaucescens: a type II polyketide cyclase","volume":"279","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19521","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019521","article-title":"Comparative structural analysis of lipid binding START domains","volume":"6","author":"Thorsell","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M093534","article-title":"Human COQ10A and COQ10B are distinct lipid-binding START domain proteins required for coenzyme Q function","volume":"60","author":"Tsui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144446","article-title":"Hit compounds and associated targets in intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"27","author":"Tsui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297919140141","article-title":"Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: structure, functioning, and regulation","volume-title":"Biochemistry","author":"Tugaeva","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.909904","article-title":"Commonalities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptomes in response to defined persisting macrophage stresses","volume":"13","author":"Vilch\u00e8ze","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00040.2023","article-title":"Understanding coenzyme Q","volume":"104","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695917","article-title":"STARD3 mediates endoplasmic reticulum-to-endosome cholesterol transport at membrane contact sites","volume":"36","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1197154","article-title":"Allosterically coupled conformational dynamics in solution prepare the sterol transfer protein StarD4 to release its cargo upon interaction with target membranes","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.83","article-title":"Two sphingolipid transfer proteins, CERT and FAPP2: their roles in sphingolipid metabolism","volume":"60","author":"Yamaji","year":"2008","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1039\/c5sc00116a","article-title":"Biosynthesis of trioxacarcin revealing a different starter unit and complex tailoring steps for type II polyketide synthase","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2025.10.003","article-title":"HD-ZIP transcription factors: pivotal regulators of plant reproductive development","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Horticult Plant J"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13024","article-title":"Structural and genetic analysis of START superfamily protein MSMEG_0129 from Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"592","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2020.105763","article-title":"Mycobacterium smegmatis MSMEG_0129 is a nutrition-associated regulator that interacts with CarD and ClpP2","volume":"124","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0249379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249379","article-title":"Single start-domain protein mtsp17 is involved in transcriptional regulation in Mycobacterium smegmatis","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026100708464423600_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03749-3","article-title":"Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri requires a polyketide cyclase to activate the type III secretion system for virulence","volume":"25","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042\/70763863\/fuag042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042\/70763863\/fuag042.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042\/70763863\/fuag042.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:46:50Z","timestamp":1791377210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042\/8768692"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Bott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":106,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuag042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fuag042"}}