{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:09:21Z","timestamp":1790784561645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI076183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI076183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI137267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI137267"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IRG-15-173-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRG-15-173-21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is etiologically associated with multiple human malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin disease as well as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Entry of EBV into target cells is essential for virus to cause disease and is mediated by multiple viral envelope glycoproteins and cell surface associated receptors. The target cells of EBV include B cells and epithelial cells. The nature and mechanism of EBV entry into these cell types are different, requiring different glycoprotein complexes to bind to specific receptors on the target cells. Compared to the B cell entry mechanism, the overall mechanism of EBV entry into epithelial cells is less well known. Numerous receptors have been implicated in this process and may also be involved in additional processes of EBV entry, transport, and replication. This review summarizes EBV glycoproteins, host receptors, signal molecules and transport machinery that are being used in the epithelial cell entry process and also provides a broad view for related herpesvirus entry mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T03:15:48Z","timestamp":1570072548000},"page":"674-683","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Epithelial cell infection by Epstein\u2013Barr virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Longnecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12811","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12811","article-title":"The blood\u2013brain barrier internalises Cryptococcus neoformans via the EphA2-tyrosine kinase receptor","volume":"20","author":"Aaron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09420","article-title":"Non-muscle myosin IIA is a functional entry receptor for herpes simplex virus-1","volume":"467","author":"Arii","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80622-6","article-title":"EBV persistence in memory B cells in vivo","volume":"9","author":"Babcock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9596","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00758-07","article-title":"Hydrophobic residues that form putative fusion loops of Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein B are critical for fusion activity","volume":"81","author":"Backovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810530106","article-title":"Structure of a trimeric variant of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein B","volume":"106","author":"Backovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0602-594","article-title":"Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"8","author":"Borza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5007-5014.2004","article-title":"Use of gHgL for attachment of Epstein\u2013Barr virus to epithelial cells compromises infection","volume":"78","author":"Borza","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib8","first-page":"377","article-title":"Lymphoepithelial carcinoma of the stomach with Epstein\u2013Barr virus demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"3","author":"Burke","year":"1990","journal-title":"Modern Pathol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib10","first-page":"511","article-title":"Observations on the geography of malignant lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Burkitt","year":"1961","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196103\/04)14:2<258::AID-CNCR2820140206>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Malignant lymphoma in African children. I. A clinical syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Burkitt","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03245-12","article-title":"The large groove found in the gH\/gL structure is an important functional domain for Epstein\u2013Barr virus fusion","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00290","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00290-11","article-title":"The KGD motif of Epstein\u2013Barr virus gH\/gL is bifunctional, orchestrating infection of B cells and epithelial cells","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0081-7","article-title":"Ephrin receptor A2 is a functional entry receptor for Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11686","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01349-14","article-title":"The Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B cytoplasmic C-terminal tail domain regulates the energy requirement for EBV-induced membrane fusion","volume":"88","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31116","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503518200","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase plays a pivotal role in herpes simplex virus entry","volume":"280","author":"Cheshenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13214","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05580-11","article-title":"Fusion of Epstein\u2013Barr virus with epithelial cells can be triggered by alphavbeta5 in addition to alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8, and integrin binding triggers a conformational change in glycoproteins gHgL","volume":"85","author":"Chesnokova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20464","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907508106","article-title":"Fusion of epithelial cells by Epstein\u2013Barr virus proteins is triggered by binding of viral glycoproteins gHgL to integrins alphavbeta6 or alphavbeta8","volume":"106","author":"Chesnokova","year":"2009","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101931","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by stimulating nuclear factor-kappa B and is associated with poor prognosis in human oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03001-14","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus type 2 latently infects T cells, inducing an atypical activation characterized by expression of lymphotactic cytokines","volume":"89","author":"Coleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2548","article-title":"Fusing structure and function: a structural view of the herpesvirus entry machinery","volume":"9","author":"Connolly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.31","article-title":"Serological diagnosis of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection: problems and solutions","volume":"1","author":"De\u00a0Paschale","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003510","article-title":"EphrinA2 regulates clathrin mediated KSHV endocytosis in fibroblast cells by coordinating integrin-associated signaling and c-Cbl directed polyubiquitination","volume":"9","author":"Dutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4510","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.14.4510","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus receptor of human B lymphocytes is the C3d receptor CR2","volume":"81","author":"Fingeroth","year":"1984","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004373","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004373","article-title":"Functional fluorescent protein insertions in herpes simplex virus gB report on gB conformation before and after execution of membrane fusion","volume":"10","author":"Gallagher","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25120","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25120","article-title":"MYH9 is an essential factor for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00571","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00571-12","article-title":"Modulation of Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein B (gB) fusion activity by the gB cytoplasmic tail domain","volume":"4","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01673-07","article-title":"Integrin alphaVbeta3 binds to the RGD motif of glycoprotein B of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and functions as an RGD-dependent entry receptor","volume":"82","author":"Garrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02719-05","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is involved in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 entry","volume":"80","author":"Ghez","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5430.1028","article-title":"Integrin signaling","volume":"285","author":"Giancotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201108131","article-title":"The cell biology of receptor-mediated virus entry","volume":"195","author":"Grove","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1038\/2281053a0","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus in Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Antibodies to EBV associated membrane and viral capsid antigens in Burkitt lymphoma patients","volume":"228","author":"Gunven","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2805","article-title":"The ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus","volume":"18","author":"Hahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib34","first-page":"a013029","article-title":"Replication of Epstein\u2013Barr viral DNA","volume":"5","author":"Hammerschmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"C SH Perspect Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910200504","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: significance of changes in Epstein\u2013Barr virus-related antibody patterns following therapy","volume":"20","author":"Henle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.4371-4378.1998","article-title":"Cell-to-cell contact as an efficient mode of Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection of diverse human epithelial cells","volume":"72","author":"Imai","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-1562","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection of human natural killer cell lines and peripheral blood natural killer cells","volume":"64","author":"Isobe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.16","article-title":"Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease","volume":"17","author":"Kania","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9444","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00572-06","article-title":"Soluble Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoproteins gH, gL, and gp42 form a 1:1:1 stable complex that acts like soluble gp42 in B-cell fusion but not in epithelial cell fusion","volume":"80","author":"Kirschner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.3.1167-1180.2006","article-title":"Focal adhesion kinase is critical for entry of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus into target cells","volume":"80","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.2.1296-1307.2005","article-title":"Terminal differentiation into plasma cells initiates the replicative cycle of pEpstein\u2013Barr virus in vivo","volume":"79","author":"Laichalk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-150342","article-title":"HTLV-1 uses HSPG and neuropilin-1 for entry by molecular mimicry of VEGF165","volume":"113","author":"Lambert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.69.7.3987-3994.1995","article-title":"The Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) BZLF2 gene product associates with the gH and gL homologs of EBV and carries an epitope critical to infection of B cells but not of epithelial cells","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.009571-0","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus BDLF2-BMRF2 complex affects cellular morphology","volume":"90","author":"Loesing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib45","volume-title":"Fields Viorology","author":"Longnecker","year":"2013"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib46","first-page":"529","article-title":"Cancer stem-like cells in Epstein\u2013Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Lun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2341","article-title":"EGFR and EphA2 are host factors for hepatitis C virus entry and possible targets for antiviral therapy","volume":"17","author":"Lupberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22641","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011806108","article-title":"Crystal structure of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein H\/glycoprotein L (gH\/gL) complex","volume":"107","author":"Matsuura","year":"2010","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17474","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404535101","article-title":"Cell-surface expression of a mutated Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein B allows fusion independent of other viral proteins","volume":"101","author":"McShane","year":"2004","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.66.6.3409-3414.1992","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus enters B cells and epithelial cells by different routes","volume":"66","author":"Miller","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13570","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02272-14","article-title":"The conserved disulfide bond within domain II of Epstein\u2013Barr virus gH has divergent roles in membrane fusion with epithelial cells and B cells","volume":"88","author":"Mohl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.14.6324-6332.2000","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus gH is essential for penetration of B cells but also plays a role in attachment of virus to epithelial cells","volume":"74","author":"Molesworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1021\/bi401596q","article-title":"Integrin cytoplasmic tail interactions","volume":"53","author":"Morse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00465-3","article-title":"Structure of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus gp42 protein bound to the MHC class II receptor HLA-DR1","volume":"9","author":"Mullen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.05.001","article-title":"Meta-analysis shows that prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr virus-positive gastric cancer differs based on sex and anatomic location","volume":"137","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(84)90102-8","article-title":"Early events in the infection of human B lymphocytes by Epstein\u2013Barr virus: the internalization process","volume":"132","author":"Nemerow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.61.5.1416-1420.1987","article-title":"Identification of gp350 as the viral glycoprotein mediating attachment of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) to the EBV\/C3d receptor of B cells: sequence homology of gp350 and C3 complement fragment C3d","volume":"61","author":"Nemerow","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232381299","article-title":"Glycoprotein gp110 of Epstein\u2013Barr virus determines viral tropism and efficiency of infection","volume":"99","author":"Neuhierl","year":"2002","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/242044a0","article-title":"Homology between Epstein\u2013Barr virus DNA and viral DNA from Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma determined by DNA\u2013DNA reassociation kinetics","volume":"242","author":"Nonoyama","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.01.023","article-title":"Human complement receptor type 1\/CD35 is an Epstein\u2013Barr Virus receptor","volume":"3","author":"Ogembo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4904","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5904","article-title":"An endocytosis pathway initiated through neuropilin-1 and regulated by nutrient availability","volume":"5","author":"Pang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/genes4030334","article-title":"Roles of EphA2 in development and disease","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.12.006","article-title":"Mapping regions of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B (gB) important for fusion function with gH\/gL","volume":"413","author":"Plate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7678","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00457-09","article-title":"Functional analysis of glycoprotein L (gL) from rhesus lymphocryptovirus in Epstein\u2013Barr virus-mediated cell fusion indicates a direct role of gL in gB-induced membrane fusion","volume":"83","author":"Plate","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13557","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13557","article-title":"Structural basis for Epstein\u2013Barr virus host cell tropism mediated by gp42 and gHgL entry glycoproteins","volume":"7","author":"Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004309","article-title":"Assembly and architecture of the EBV B cell entry triggering complex","volume":"10","author":"Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E8703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704661114","article-title":"Inhibition of EBV-mediated membrane fusion by anti-gHgL antibodies","volume":"114","author":"Sathiyamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.015412","article-title":"Neuropilin 1 and 2 control cranial gangliogenesis and axon guidance through neural crest cells","volume":"135","author":"Schwarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-3-45","article-title":"The significance of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) & DNA topoisomerase II alpha (DNA-Topo II alpha) immunoreactivity in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)","volume":"3","author":"Shamaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.01.018","article-title":"Expression of EphA2 and VEGF in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue: correlation with the angiogenesis and clinical outcome","volume":"44","author":"Shao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-010-0455-x","article-title":"Characteristics of Epstein\u2013Barr virus envelope protein gp42","volume":"40","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186860","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186860","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"She","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2016.07.013","article-title":"Oral cancer: deregulated molecular events and their use as biomarkers","volume":"61","author":"Sinevici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/306480a0","article-title":"Replication of Epstein\u2013Barr virus in human epithelial cells infected in vitro","volume":"306","author":"Sixbey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.026","article-title":"An antibody targeting the fusion machinery neutralizes dual-tropic infection and defines a site of vulnerability on Epstein\u2013Barr virus","volume":"48","author":"Snijder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6664","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00195-09","article-title":"Cleavage and secretion of Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein 42 promote membrane fusion with B lymphocytes","volume":"83","author":"Sorem","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.007237-0","article-title":"Cleavage of Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein B is required for full function in cell\u2013cell fusion with both epithelial and B cells","volume":"90","author":"Sorem","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5557","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.70.8.5557-5563.1996","article-title":"The extracellular domain of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus BZLF2 protein binds the HLA-DR beta chain and inhibits antigen presentation","volume":"70","author":"Spriggs","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.10.001","article-title":"Cell integrins: commonly used receptors for diverse viral pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Stewart","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02141-13","article-title":"Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA is a critical factor contributing to the efficiency of early infection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus","volume":"88","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0059-5","article-title":"EphA2 is an epithelial cell pattern recognition receptor for fungal beta-glucans","volume":"3","author":"Swidergall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(87)90335-6","article-title":"Specific cell surface labels in the visual centers of Xenopus laevis tadpole identified using monoclonal antibodies","volume":"122","author":"Takagi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00803","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00803-18","article-title":"A Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection mechanism is independent of integrins alpha3beta1, alphaVbeta3, and alphaVbeta5","volume":"92","author":"TerBush","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib84","first-page":"549","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection and persistence in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Tsang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202637109","article-title":"Cyclin D1 overexpression supports stable EBV infection in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"109","author":"Tsang","year":"2012","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25173","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection in immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells: regulation of infection and phenotypic characterization","volume":"127","author":"Tsang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/nm830","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus infection of polarized tongue and nasopharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Tugizov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8179","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00443-13","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus transcytosis through polarized oral epithelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Tugizov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05883-11","article-title":"Important but differential roles for actin in trafficking of Epstein\u2013Barr virus in B cells and epithelial cells","volume":"86","author":"Valencia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2786","article-title":"Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration","volume":"10","author":"Vicente-Manzanares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.1.158-163.1998","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus lacking glycoprotein gp42 can bind to B cells but is not able to infect","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7240","article-title":"Neuropilin 1 is an entry factor that promotes EBV infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio244245a0","article-title":"EB viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells","volume":"244","author":"Wolf","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nat New Biol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10923","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.17.10923-10930.2005","article-title":"Mutations of Epstein\u2013Barr virus gH that are differentially able to support fusion with B cells or epithelial cells","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.09.047","article-title":"Characterization of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus glycoprotein BMRF-2","volume":"359","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910350107","article-title":"A re-examination of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus carrier state in healthy seropositive individuals","volume":"35","author":"Yao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078395","article-title":"Efficient immortalization of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells for EBV infection study","volume":"8","author":"Yip","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20110697","article-title":"How neuropilin-1 regulates receptor tyrosine kinase signalling: the knowns and known unknowns","volume":"39","author":"Zachary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0080-8","article-title":"Ephrin receptor A2 is an epithelial cell receptor for Epstein\u2013Barr virus entry","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2021041201500570200_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1038\/2281056a0","article-title":"EBV DNA in biopsies of Burkitt tumours and anaplastic carcinomas of the nasopharynx","volume":"228","author":"zur\u00a0Hausen","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuz023\/30103740\/fuz023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/43\/6\/674\/37020945\/fuz023.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article-pdf\/43\/6\/674\/37020945\/fuz023.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T01:51:26Z","timestamp":1618192286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsre\/article\/43\/6\/674\/5581501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuz023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]]}}}