{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:40:10Z","timestamp":1788212410195,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Forensic science explores scientific knowledge to clarify legal and legal issues. Since I started in this area of knowledge in mid-2007, my priority has been to create a centre of reference and excellence that would advance forensic science, an area sometimes based on self-taught practices. Along this pathway, I always considered that we were dealing with an articulated set of \u201cForensic Sciences\u201d and not with a single \u201cForensic Science\u201d, but I was, at least partially, wrong! This work discusses the competencies of the different forensic subspecialties, seeking to be the starting point for reformulating forensic teaching, research, and public and private forensic activity. It also highlights the concern of offering a certain level of professionalization to forensic science. For this reflection, it was important to follow a path that had its foundations in the study of the historical roots of forensic science, namely the first Portuguese forensic case, to study the revolutionary scientific contribution triggered by the \u201cCSI effect\u201d, to understand in depth the competencies of each of the forensic subspecialties and bring this knowledge to specialized pre- and postgraduate training, to promote innovation through peer review of empirical forensic practices to increase the scientific evidence, the development of certification mechanisms for forensic experts and their respective code of ethics, and to open the doors for artificial intelligence to assist the courts and the opportunity that forensic science represents in the development of other areas of health sciences, life, and social behaviour. Thus, it was born, very unconsciously, a scientific project for the transdisciplinary reformulation of forensic activity, but over time, it allowed me to realize that we can have specialists trained in all its dimensions and plenitude. The pillars for the modernization of this science and, ultimately, the law, which, together with education and health, are the three main pillars of society. Not punishing innocent people, leaving criminals unharmed through scientific evidence, seeking justice, and repairing the damage is the supreme spirit of Forensic Science. Our One Forensics model is now being considered to be implemented by other countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/fsr\/owaf012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T07:23:22Z","timestamp":1750058602000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Forensic science or sciences? The recognition as an independent science and redefinition of expert practices based on transdisciplinary"],"prefix":"10.3788","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-6297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo Jorge","family":"Dinis-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU , Gandra,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Research Unit, Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Health Sciences (1H-TOXRUN, IUCS-CESPU) , Gandra ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"FOREN - Forensic Science Experts , Lisboa ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2099","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Forensic sciences: the genesis of a new open access journal focused on the latest scientific advances","volume":"1","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref2","volume-title":"What are forensic sciences? concepts, scope and future perspectives","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref3","volume-title":"The Oxford English Dictionary","author":"Simpson","year":"1989","edition":"2 ed."},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382165-2.00192-6","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences","author":"Crispino","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/00033796200202722","article-title":"Scientist: the story of a word","volume":"18","author":"Ross","year":"1962","journal-title":"Ann Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"What does \u201cscience\u201d mean in the title South African Journal of Science?","volume":"111","author":"Butler-Adam","year":"2015","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref7","first-page":"453","article-title":"The victim as object of the medico-legal intervention","volume":"18","author":"Magalhaes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Medica Port"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.1898079","article-title":"Analysis of the autopsy, toxicological, and psychiatric reports of Portugal's first major forensic case: part III","volume":"6","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2018.1534538","article-title":"Portugal's first major forensic case and the genesis of forensic toxicology: 10 years of research to reconstruct the event","volume":"4","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2019.1682218","article-title":"Analysis of the testimonial evidence of Portugal's first major forensic case: part II","volume":"5","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci3010013","article-title":"The code of ethics and conduct for forensic specialists: a framework from the Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences","volume":"3","author":"Madureira-Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2020031","article-title":"The Portuguese Association of Forensic Sciences Model for forensic expert certification: an urgent need and regulation proposal","volume":"2","author":"Dinis-Oliveira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.02.015","article-title":"Crime scene investigation (as seen on TV)","volume":"199","author":"Durnal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01621.x","article-title":"The CSI effect and the Canadian and the Australian jury","volume":"56","author":"Holmgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2025100613212603500_ref15","first-page":"38","article-title":"The CSI effect in forensic odontology. 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