{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T20:03:14Z","timestamp":1789416194042,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Physiological Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IPA1834110052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPA1834110052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Aging","award":["AG078859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG078859"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Aging","award":["AG085586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG085586"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are functional lipid-bound nanoparticles trafficked between cells and found in every biofluid. It is widely claimed that EVs can be secreted by every cell, but the quantity and composition of these EVs can differ greatly among cell types and tissues. Defining this heterogeneity has broad implications for EV-based communication in health and disease. Recent discoveries have linked single-cell EV secretion to the expression of genes encoding EV machinery and cargo. To gain insight at single-cell resolution across an entire organism, we compared the abundance, variance, and co-expression of 67 genes involved in EV biogenesis and secretion, or carried as cargo, across\u00a0&amp;gt;44\u2009000 cells obtained from 117 cell populations in the Tabula Muris. Our analysis provides both novel holistic and cell population-specific insight into EV biology. The highest overall expression of EV genes occurs in secretory cells of the pancreas and perhaps more surprisingly, multiple non-neuronal cell populations of the brain. We find that the most abundant EV genes encode the most abundant EV cargo proteins (tetraspanins and syndecans), but these genes are highly differentially expressed across functionally distinct cell populations. Expression variance identifies dynamic and constitutively expressed EV genes while co-expression analysis reveals novel insights into cell population-specific coordination of expression. Results of our analysis illustrate the diverse transcriptional regulation of EV genes which could be useful for predicting how individual cell populations might communicate via EVs to influence health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqaf005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T15:18:52Z","timestamp":1737731932000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mapping Organism-wide Single Cell mRNA Expression Linked to Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis, Secretion, and Cargo"],"prefix":"10.1152","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Thomas J","family":"LaRocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80521 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80521 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8386-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S","family":"Lark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80521 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Columbine Health Systems Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO 80521 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025032413254368100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00460-3","article-title":"Challenges and directions in studying cell\u2013cell communication by extracellular vesicles","volume":"23","author":"van\u00a0Niel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110277","article-title":"Tissue differences in the exosomal\/small extracellular vesicle proteome and their potential as indicators of altered tissue metabolism","volume":"38","author":"Garcia-Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C246","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00580.2020","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle secretion is tissue-dependent ex vivo and skeletal muscle myofiber extracellular vesicles reach the circulation in vivo","volume":"322","author":"Estrada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2025032413254368100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49123-1","article-title":"Optimizing cell therapy by sorting cells with high extracellular vesicle secretion","author":"Koo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.08.016","article-title":"Cellular functions and molecular mechanisms of the ESCRT membrane-scission machinery","volume":"42","author":"Christ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Biochem Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032413254368100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00576-0","article-title":"Context-specific regulation of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and cargo selection","volume":"24","author":"Dixson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"7727","key":"2025032413254368100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0590-4","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics of 20 mouse organs creates a Tabula Muris","volume":"562","author":"Schaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002741","article-title":"Significance, errors, power, and sample size: the blocking and tackling of statistics","volume":"126","author":"Mascha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesia Analgesia."},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032413254368100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2162","article-title":"The emerging shape of the ESCRT machinery","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"2025032413254368100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabm5149","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm5149","article-title":"Recruitment and organization of ESCRT-0 and ubiquitinated cargo via condensation","volume":"8","author":"Banjade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025032413254368100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.185363","article-title":"ESCRT-0 assembles as a heterotetrameric complex on membranes and binds multiple ubiquitinylated cargoes simultaneously","volume":"286","author":"Mayers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"39","key":"2025032413254368100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34262","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.266411","article-title":"Association of the endosomal sorting complex ESCRT-II with the Vps20 subunit of ESCRT-III generates a curvature-sensitive complex capable of nucleating ESCRT-III filaments","volume":"286","author":"Fyfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2004.09.003","article-title":"ESCRT-II, an endosome-associated complex required for protein sorting: crystal structure and interactions with ESCRT-III and membranes","volume":"7","author":"Teo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"issue":"7005","key":"2025032413254368100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02914","article-title":"Structure of the ESCRT-II endosomal trafficking complex","volume":"431","author":"Hierro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.039","article-title":"The endosomal sorting complex ESCRT-II mediates the assembly and architecture of ESCRT-III helices","volume":"151","author":"Henne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.104575","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of ESCRT-III membrane remodeling proteins by high-speed atomic force microscopy","volume":"299","author":"Jukic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2025032413254368100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-022-00867-8","article-title":"Structural basis of CHMP2A-CHMP3 ESCRT-III polymer assembly and membrane cleavage","volume":"30","author":"Azad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Structural & Molecular Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2006.04.003","article-title":"A systematic analysis of human CHMP protein interactions: additional MIT domain-containing proteins bind to multiple components of the human ESCRT III complex","volume":"88","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025032413254368100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.07.021","article-title":"An ESCRT-III Polymerization Sequence Drives Membrane Deformation and Fission","volume":"182","author":"Pfitzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2007.06230.x","article-title":"Brox, a novel farnesylated Bro1 domain-containing protein that associates with charged multivesicular body protein 4 (CHMP4)","volume":"275","author":"Ichioka","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032413254368100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2502","article-title":"Syndecan\u2013syntenin\u2013ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes","volume":"14","author":"Baietti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81697-4","article-title":"Syntenin-knock out reduces exosome turnover and viral transduction","volume":"11","author":"Kashyap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"20","key":"2025032413254368100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00849-06","article-title":"Syntenin-1 is a new component of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains: mechanisms and consequences of the interaction of syntenin-1 with CD63","volume":"26","author":"Latysheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201904113","article-title":"ALIX- and ESCRT-III\u2013dependent sorting of tetraspanins to exosomes","volume":"219","author":"Larios","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00409-1","article-title":"RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2000","article-title":"Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib26","first-page":"261","article-title":"The small GTP-binding proteins Rab4 and ARF are associated with released exosomes during reticulocyte maturation","volume":"60","author":"Vidal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2025032413254368100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2728","article-title":"Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic","volume":"10","author":"Stenmark","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080861","article-title":"COP9-associated CSN5 regulates exosomal protein deubiquitination and sorting","volume":"174","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032413254368100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-021-00693-y","article-title":"Quantitative proteomics identifies the core proteome of exosomes with syntenin-1 as the highest abundant protein and a putative universal biomarker","volume":"23","author":"Kugeratski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104012","article-title":"Comprehensive proteomic profiling of plasma and serum phosphatidylserine-positive extracellular vesicles reveals tissue-specific proteins","volume":"25","author":"Muraoka","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5051","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c230001","article-title":"Energetic Stress-Induced Metabolic Regulation by Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Crewe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032413254368100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010833","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1010833","article-title":"Characterizing the landscape of gene expression variance in humans","volume":"19","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.06.011","article-title":"correcting the mean-variance dependency for differential variability testing using single-cell RNA sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Eling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15459-7","article-title":"Structural insights into tetraspanin CD9 function","volume":"11","author":"Umeda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032413254368100_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.6.9194523","article-title":"The tetraspanin superfamily: molecular facilitators","volume":"11","author":"Maecker","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061834","article-title":"The CD9\/CD81 tetraspanin complex and tetraspanin CD151 regulate \u03b13\u03b21 integrin-dependent tumor cell behaviors by overlapping but distinct mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Gustafson-Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"38","key":"2025032413254368100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26089","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801902200","article-title":"Double deficiency of tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 alters cell motility and protease production of macrophages and causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like phenotype in mice","volume":"283","author":"Takeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.146.4.893","article-title":"Role of transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins CD9 and CD81 in muscle cell fusion and myotube maintenance","volume":"146","author":"Tachibana","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.021","article-title":"CD81 controls beige fat progenitor cell growth and energy balance via FAK signaling","volume":"182","author":"Oguri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025032413254368100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.05.018","article-title":"A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of alzheimer's disease","volume":"169","author":"Keren-Shaul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.01.010","article-title":"A PDGFR\u03b1-mediated switch toward CD9high adipocyte progenitors controls obesity-induced adipose tissue fibrosis","volume":"25","author":"Marcelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"22","key":"2025032413254368100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1113\/JP284047","article-title":"Single vesicle analysis reveals the release of tetraspanin positive extracellular vesicles into circulation with high intensity intermittent exercise","volume":"601","author":"McIlvenna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615820","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1615820","article-title":"Platelets, endothelial cells and leukocytes contribute to the exercise-triggered release of extracellular vesicles into the circulation","volume":"8","author":"Brahmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicle"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025032413254368100_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-023-00064-2","article-title":"Stem cell-derived exosome versus stem cell therapy","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Bioeng"},{"issue":"18","key":"2025032413254368100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13227","article-title":"Syndecan-4 influences mammalian myoblast proliferation by modulating myostatin signalling and G1\/S transition","volume":"592","author":"Keller-Pinter","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.01.016","article-title":"Syndecan-4-expressing muscle progenitor cells in the SP engraft as satellite cells during muscle regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025032413254368100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19060","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.468199","article-title":"Tetraspanin CD63 promotes vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-\u03b21 integrin complex formation, thereby regulating activation and downstream signaling in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"288","author":"Tugues","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zqaa009","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqaa009","article-title":"Fusion-independent satellite cell communication to muscle fibers during load-induced hypertrophy","volume":"1","author":"Murach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Function (Oxf)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025032413254368100_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102372","article-title":"Early satellite cell communication creates a permissive environment for long-term muscle growth","volume":"24","author":"Murach","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032413254368100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.02.067","article-title":"Single-Cell Analysis of the Muscle Stem Cell Hierarchy Identifies Heterotypic Communication Signals Involved in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration","volume":"30","author":"De\u00a0Micheli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.09.010","article-title":"Myogenic Progenitor Cells Control Extracellular Matrix Production by Fibroblasts during Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy","volume":"20","author":"Fry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025032413254368100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009951","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009951","article-title":"MicroRNAs are minor constituents of extracellular vesicles that are rarely delivered to target cells","volume":"17","author":"Albanese","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025032413254368100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21644","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100242R","article-title":"Mechanical overload-induced muscle-derived extracellular vesicles promote adipose tissue lipolysis","volume":"35","author":"Vechetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025032413254368100_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-021-00644-z","article-title":"Exosomal tau with seeding activity is released from Alzheimer's disease synapses, and seeding potential is associated with amyloid beta","volume":"101","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1868-1","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease pathology propagation by exosomes containing toxic amyloid-beta oligomers","volume":"136","author":"Sardar\u00a0Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160371","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles containing P301L mutant tau accelerate pathological tau phosphorylation and oligomer formation but do not seed mature neurofibrillary tangles in ALZ17 mice","volume":"54","author":"Baker","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAD"},{"issue":"24","key":"2025032413254368100_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12445","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.709485","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles isolated from the brains of rTg4510 mice seed tau protein aggregation in a threshold-dependent manner","volume":"291","author":"Polanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0514-4","article-title":"Exosomes taken up by neurons hijack the endosomal pathway to spread to interconnected neurons","volume":"6","author":"Polanco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025032413254368100_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220322","article-title":"Brain tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease display altered key protein levels including cell type-specific markers","volume":"90","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAD"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025032413254368100_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10364","article-title":"Increased brain size and glial cell number in CD81-null mice","volume":"453","author":"Geisert","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2025032413254368100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51155","article-title":"Elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels in neuronal extracellular vesicles in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"2025032413254368100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00166","article-title":"TDP-43 is elevated in plasma neuronal-derived exosomes of patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025032413254368100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5531","article-title":"Release and intercellular transfer of cell surface CD81 via microparticles","volume":"169","author":"Fritzsching","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2025032413254368100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vesic.2023.100030","article-title":"Exomap1 mouse: A transgenic model for in vivo studies of exosome biology","author":"Fordjour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Extracellular Vesicle"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025032413254368100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): from basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicle"}],"container-title":["Function"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/full\/10.1093\/function\/zqaf005","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1093\/function\/zqaf005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:07:17Z","timestamp":1781629637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.physiology.org\/doi\/full\/10.1093\/function\/zqaf005"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/function\/zqaf005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-8823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-8823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"zqaf005"}}