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To regulate sperm function, nematode sperm employ large numbers of protein kinases and phosphatases, including SPE-6, a member of C. elegans\u2019 highly expanded casein kinase 1 superfamily. SPE-6 functions during multiple steps of spermatogenesis, including functioning as a \u201cbrake\u201d to prevent premature sperm activation in the absence of normal extracellular signals. Here, we describe the subcellular localization patterns of SPE-6 during wild-type C. elegans sperm development and in various sperm activation mutants. While other members of the sperm activation pathway associate with the plasma membrane or localize to the sperm\u2019s membranous organelles, SPE-6 surrounds the chromatin mass of unactivated sperm. During sperm activation by either of two semiautonomous signaling pathways, SPE-6 redistributes to the front, central region of the sperm\u2019s pseudopod. When disrupted by reduction-of-function alleles, SPE-6 protein is either diminished in a temperature-sensitive manner (hc187) or is mislocalized in a stage-specific manner (hc163). During the multistep process of sperm activation, SPE-6 is released from its perinuclear location after the spike stage in a process that does not require the fusion of membranous organelles with the plasma membrane. After activation, spermatozoa exhibit variable proportions of perinuclear and pseudopod-localized SPE-6, depending on their location within the female reproductive tract. These findings provide new insights regarding SPE-6\u2019s role in sperm activation and suggest that extracellular signals during sperm migration may further modulate SPE-6 localization and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T10:39:44Z","timestamp":1628851184000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Subcellular patterns of SPE-6 localization reveal unexpected complexities in<i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>sperm activation and sperm function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jackson J","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E","family":"Tocheny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig W","family":"LaMunyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9677-5577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane C","family":"Shakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, 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