{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:48:47Z","timestamp":1791395327145,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017306","name":"The Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R00HD081204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00HD081204"]}]},{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HD102909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD102909"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) protein works as an architectural regulator by binding AT-rich DNA sequences to induce conformational changes affecting transcription. Genomic deletions disrupting HMGA2 coding sequences and flanking noncoding sequences cause dwarfism in mice and rabbits. Here, CRISPR\/Cas9 was used in mice to generate an Hmga2 null allele that specifically disrupts only the coding sequence. The loss of one or both alleles of Hmga2 resulted in reduced body size of 20% and 60%, respectively, compared to wild-type littermates as well as an allometric reduction in skull length in Hmga2\u2212\/\u2212 mice. Both male and female Hmga2\u2212\/\u2212 mice are infertile, whereas Hmga2+\/\u2212 mice are fertile. Examination of reproductive tissues of Hmga2\u2212\/\u2212 males revealed a significantly reduced size of testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle compared to controls, and 70% of knock-out males showed externalized penis, but no cryptorchidism was observed. Sperm analyses revealed severe oligospermia in mutant males and slightly decreased sperm viability, increased DNA damage but normal sperm chromatin compaction. Testis histology surprisingly revealed a normal seminiferous epithelium, despite the significant reduction in testis size. In addition, Hmga2\u2212\/\u2212 mice showed a significantly reduced exploratory behavior. In summary, the phenotypic effects in mouse using targeted mutagenesis confirmed that Hmga2 is affecting prenatal and postnatal growth regulation, male reproductive tissue development, and presents the first indication that Hmga2 function is required for normal mouse behavior. No specific effect, despite an allometric reduction, on craniofacial development was noted in contrast to previous reports of an altered craniofacial development in mice and rabbits carrying deletions of both coding and noncoding sequences at the 5\u2032 part of Hmga2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T12:23:20Z","timestamp":1638966200000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<i>Hmga2<\/i> deficiency is associated with allometric growth retardation, infertility, and behavioral abnormalities in mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mi Ok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6121-135X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian W","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijana","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3935-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadil M","family":"Al Muhisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J","family":"Suva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy M","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, 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