{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:37:37Z","timestamp":1772138257052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research","award":["DE-SC0008375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0008375"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many studies have highlighted the complex and diverse basis for heterosis in inbred crops. Despite the lack of a consensus model, it is vital that we turn our attention to understanding heterosis in undomesticated, heterozygous, and polyploid species, such as willow (Salix spp.). Shrub willow is a dedicated energy crop bred to be fast-growing and high yielding on marginal land without competing with food crops. A trend in willow breeding is the consistent pattern of heterosis in triploids produced from crosses between diploid and tetraploid species. Here, we test whether differentially expressed genes are associated with heterosis in triploid families derived from diploid Salix purpurea, diploid Salix viminalis, and tetraploid Salix miyabeana parents. Three biological replicates of shoot tips from all family progeny and parents were collected after 12 weeks in the greenhouse and RNA extracted for RNA-Seq analysis. This study provides evidence that nonadditive patterns of gene expression are correlated with nonadditive phenotypic expression in interspecific triploid hybrids of willow. Expression-level dominance was most correlated with heterosis for biomass yield traits and was highly enriched for processes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. In addition, there was a global dosage effect of parent alleles in triploid hybrids, with expression proportional to copy number variation. Importantly, differentially expressed genes between family parents were most predictive of heterosis for both field and greenhouse collected traits. Altogether, these data will be used to progress models of heterosis to complement the growing genomic resources available for the improvement of heterozygous perennial bioenergy crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkab436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T07:22:52Z","timestamp":1640071372000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Nonadditive gene expression is correlated with nonadditive phenotypic expression in interspecific triploid hybrids of willow (\n                    <i>Salix<\/i>\n                    spp.)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2050-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig H","family":"Carlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongwook","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes P","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-4262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D","family":"Town","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7812-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence B","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.032987","article-title":"Nonadditive gene expression in diploid and triploid hybrids of maize","volume":"169","author":"Auger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B2","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Nonsyntenic genes drive tissue-specific dynamics of differential, nonadditive, and allelic expression patterns in maize hybrids","volume":"171","author":"Baldauf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Phys"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt072","article-title":"RNA-seq analysis of allele-specific expression, hybrid effects, and regulatory divergence in hybrids compared with their parents from natural populations","volume":"5","author":"Bell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-129","article-title":"High-density linkage mapping and evolution of paralogs and orthologs in Salix and Populus","volume":"11","author":"Berlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.151030","article-title":"In search of the molecular basis of heterosis","volume":"15","author":"Birchler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.02.010","article-title":"Dosage balance in gene regulation: biological implications","volume":"21","author":"Birchler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.049338","article-title":"The gene balance hypothesis: from classical genetics to modern genomics","volume":"19","author":"Birchler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03087.x","article-title":"The gene balance hypothesis: implications for gene regulation, quantitative traits and evolution","volume":"186","author":"Birchler","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.110.076133","article-title":"Heterosis","volume":"22","author":"Birchler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-008-9006-x","article-title":"Quantitative genetics of traits indicative of biomass production and heterosis in 34 full-sib F1Salix eriocephala families","volume":"1","author":"Cameron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioenerg Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx174","article-title":"Dominance and sexual dimorphism pervade the Salix purpurea L. transcriptome","volume":"9","author":"Carlson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcz047","article-title":"Joint linkage and association mapping of complex traits in shrub willow (Salix purpurea L.)","volume":"124","author":"Carlson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Bot"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022030413511846700_jkab436-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600031","DOI":"10.3732\/apps.1600031","article-title":"Electrical capacitance as a predictor of root dry weight in shrub willow (Salix; Salicaceae) parents and progeny","volume":"4","author":"Carlson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. 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