{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:32:11Z","timestamp":1782275531514,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1817816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1817816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi is a growing global health concern. Nonpathogenic laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are an important model for studying mechanisms of antifungal resistance that are relevant to understanding the same processes in pathogenic fungi. We have developed a series of laboratory modules in which high school students used experimental evolution to study antifungal resistance by isolating azole-resistant S. cerevisiae mutants and examining the genetic basis of resistance. We have sequenced 99 clones from these experiments and found that all possessed mutations previously shown to impact azole resistance, validating our approach. We additionally found recurrent mutations in an mRNA degradation pathway and an uncharacterized mitochondrial protein (Csf1) that have possible mechanistic connections to azole resistance. The scale of replication in this initiative allowed us to identify candidate epistatic interactions, as evidenced by pairs of mutations that occur in the same clone more frequently than expected by chance (positive epistasis) or less frequently (negative epistasis). We validated one of these pairs, a negative epistatic interaction between gain-of-function mutations in the multidrug resistance transcription factors Pdr1 and Pdr3. This high school\u2013university collaboration can serve as a model for involving members of the broader public in the scientific process to make meaningful discoveries in biomedical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkac246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T14:09:48Z","timestamp":1664460588000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["yEvo: experimental evolution in high school classrooms selects for novel mutations that impact clotrimazole resistance in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Bryce","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Program in Biology, Loras College , Dubuque, IA 52001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-5864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Skophammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westridge School , Pasadena, CA 91105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa R","family":"Warwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee C","family":"Geck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5203-2122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josephine M","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"yEvo Students","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaux","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-970X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R L","family":"Large","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"UW Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4407-6894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Shang-Mei","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA"},{"name":"Present\u00a0address: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Biomedical Innovations Building, Palo Alto , CA 94304, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3590-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A","family":"Rowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9944-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maitreya 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