{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T05:35:51Z","timestamp":1778477751259,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7200AA 18CA00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA 18CA00003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007699","name":"University of Georgia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"U.S. Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Peanut"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cultivated peanut or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a grain legume grown in many developing countries by smallholder farmers for food, feed, and\/or income. The speciation of the cultivated species, that involved polyploidization followed by domestication, greatly reduced its variability at the DNA level. Mobilizing peanut diversity is a prerequisite for any breeding program for overcoming the main constraints that plague production and for increasing yield in farmer fields. In this study, the Groundnut Improvement Network for Africa assembled a collection of 1,049 peanut breeding lines, varieties, and landraces from 9 countries in Africa. The collection was genotyped with the Axiom_Arachis2 48K SNP array and 8,229 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used to analyze the genetic structure of this collection and quantify the level of genetic diversity in each breeding program. A supervised model was developed using dapc to unambiguously assign 542, 35, and 172 genotypes to the Spanish, Valencia, and Virginia market types, respectively. Distance-based clustering of the collection showed a clear grouping structure according to subspecies and market types, with 73% of the genotypes classified as fastigiata and 27% as hypogaea subspecies. Using STRUCTURE, the global structuration was confirmed and showed that, at a minimum membership of 0.8, 76% of the varieties that were not assigned by dapc were actually admixed. This was particularly the case of most of the genotype of the Valencia subgroup that exhibited admixed genetic heritage. The results also showed that the geographic origin (i.e. East, Southern, and West Africa) did not strongly explain the genetic structure. The gene diversity managed by each breeding program, measured by the expected heterozygosity, ranged from 0.25 to 0.39, with the Niger breeding program having the lowest diversity mainly because only lines that belong to the fastigiata subspecies are used in this program. Finally, we developed a core collection composed of 300 accessions based on breeding traits and genetic diversity. This collection, which is composed of 205 genotypes of fastigiata subspecies (158 Spanish and 47 Valencia) and 95 genotypes of hypogaea subspecies (all Virginia), improves the genetic diversity of each individual breeding program and is, therefore, a unique resource for allele mining and breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkad244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T22:35:26Z","timestamp":1698186926000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The groundnut improvement network for Africa (GINA) germplasm collection: a unique genetic resource for breeding and gene discovery"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Soukeye","family":"Conde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]},{"name":"UMR AGAP, CIRAD , 34398 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CIRAD, INRAE, AGAP, University Montpellier, Institut Agro , 34398 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"F.S.T., D\u00e9partement de B.V., Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop , BP 5005 Dakar ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5679-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Rami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR AGAP, CIRAD , 34398 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CIRAD, INRAE, AGAP, University Montpellier, Institut Agro , 34398 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K","family":"Okello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Semi-Arid Resources Research Institute-Serere , PO Box 56 , Kampala,","place":["Uganda"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aissatou","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amade","family":"Muitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mozambique Agricultural Research Institute (Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00e1ria de Mo\u00e7ambique), Northeast Zonal Centre, Nampula Research Station , PO Box 1922, Nampula ,","place":["Mozambique"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Oteng-Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groundnut Improvement Program, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute , PO Box 52 , Tamale,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutangu","family":"Makweti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Agriculture Research Institute (ZARI) , PO Box 510089 , Chipata,","place":["Zambia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dramane","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Economie Rurale (IER), Centre R\u00e9gional de Recherche Agronomique (CRRA) , BP 281 Kayes ,","place":["Mali"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8656-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Issa","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Institut S\u00e9n\u00e9galais de Recherches Agricoles, Centre National de Recherche Agronomique , BP 53 Bambey , S\u00e9n\u00e9gal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Chintu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitedze Agricultural Research Service , PO Box 158 , Lilongwe,","place":["Malawi"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adama M","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN) , BP 240 Maradi ,","place":["Niger"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Miningou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INERA, CREAF , 01 BP 476 Ouagadougou 01 ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Y","family":"Asibuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Crops Research Institute (CSIR-CRI) , P.O. Box 3785 , Kumasi,","place":["Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moumouni","family":"Konate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INERA, DRREA-Ouest , 01 BP 910 Bobo Dioulasso 01 ,","place":["Burkina Faso"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Essohouna M","family":"Banla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique (ITRA) , 13BP267 Lome ,","place":["Togo"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maguette","family":"Seye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette R","family":"Djiboune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hodo-Abalo","family":"Tossim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samba N","family":"Sylla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"F.S.T., D\u00e9partement de B.V., Universit\u00e9 Cheikh Anta Diop , BP 5005 Dakar ,","place":["Senegal"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hoisington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Peanut, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Athens, GA 30602 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,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Ozias-Akins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Breeding Genetics and Genomics and Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia , Tifton, GA 31793 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1570-6877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Fonceka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISRA, Centre d\u2019Etudes R\u00e9gional pour l\u2019Am\u00e9lioration de l\u2019Adaptation \u00e0 la S\u00e9cheresse, CERAAS-Route de Khombole , Thi\u00e8s BP 3320 ,","place":["Senegal"]},{"name":"UMR AGAP, CIRAD , 34398 Montpellier ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"CIRAD, INRAE, AGAP, University Montpellier, Institut Agro , 34398 Montpellier 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