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Mutations in heterochronic genes that regulate these processes can induce stable timing shifts, impacting important life history traits such as pubertal timing. Age at maturity is a key adaptive trait across species, with vestigial-like family member 3 (vgll3), a Hippo pathway cofactor, as a main determinant in Atlantic salmon. Recent studies show that early (E) and late (L) vgll3 alleles affect reproductive gene expression in salmon, reinforcing its role in regulating developmental timing. This study examines whether vgll3 influences testicular heterochrony in Atlantic salmon by analyzing gene expression related to the Hippo pathway. We observed heterochronic divergence in Hippo pathway gene transcription, indicating accelerated changes linked to spermatogenesis in vgll3*EE individuals. Our results position vgll3 as a heterochronic gene with a key role in regulating developmental timing in salmon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkaf196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T16:25:26Z","timestamp":1755793526000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Testicular heterochrony in\n                    <i>vgll3<\/i>\n                    -mediated maturation age in Atlantic salmon"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6528-1187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan Pashay","family":"Ahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka-Pekka","family":"Verta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University , Bod\u00f8 8026 ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kurko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annukka","family":"Ruokolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-9564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Vincent","family":"Debes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, H\u00f3lar University , H\u00f3lar 551 ,","place":["Iceland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3687-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig R","family":"Primmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00014 ,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111212073084000_jkaf196-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23330","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23330","article-title":"Yes-associated protein expression in germ cells is dispensable for spermatogenesis in mice","volume":"57","author":"Abou Nader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"2025111212073084000_jkaf196-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113585","article-title":"Targeted disruption of lats1 and lats2 in mice impairs testis development and alters somatic cell fate","volume":"23","author":"Abou Nader","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"2025111212073084000_jkaf196-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23633","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400346R","article-title":"Lats1 and lats2 regulate YAP and TAZ activity to control the development of mouse Sertoli cells","volume":"38","author":"Abou Nader","year":"2024","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2025111212073084000_jkaf196-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17313","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17313","article-title":"Gene co-expression patterns in Atlantic salmon adipose tissue provide a molecular link among seasonal changes, energy balance and age at maturity","volume":"34","author":"Ahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. 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