{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:34:10Z","timestamp":1793918050881,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Long-Term Fellowship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004412","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LT000109\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LT000109\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goy052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,17]],"date-time":"2018-12-17T21:42:39Z","timestamp":1545082959000},"page":"3-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":438,"title":["Fight them or feed them: how the intestinal mucus layer manages the gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjoern O","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Bruna Str\u00e5ket 16, University of Gothenburg, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G348","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00047.2013","article-title":"Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. II. Gastrointestinal mucus proteome reveals Muc2 and Muc5ac accompanied by a set of core proteins","volume":"305","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Pi\u00f1eiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.098160","article-title":"Comparative study of the intestinal mucus barrier in normal and inflamed colon","volume":"56","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303207","article-title":"Bacteria penetrate the normally impenetrable inner colon mucus layer in both murine colitis models and patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"63","author":"Johansson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2017.04.001","article-title":"Colonic microbiota encroachment correlates with dysglycemia in humans","volume":"4","author":"Chassaing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf7419","article-title":"A sentinel goblet cell guards the colonic crypt by triggering Nlrp6-dependent Muc2 secretion","volume":"352","author":"Birchenough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(98)00028-4","article-title":"The MUC2 gene product: a human intestinal mucin","volume":"30","author":"Allen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18864","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.30.18864","article-title":"Glycosylated MUC2 monomer and dimer from LS 174T cells are water-soluble, whereas larger MUC2 species formed early during biosynthesis are insoluble and contain nonreducible intermolecular bonds","volume":"273","author":"Axelsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18857","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.30.18857","article-title":"Dimerization of the human MUC2 mucin in the endoplasmic reticulum is followed by a N-glycosylation-dependent transfer of the mono- and dimers to the Golgi apparatus","volume":"273","author":"Asker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47248","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208483200","article-title":"The N terminus of the MUC2 mucin forms trimers that are held together within a trypsin-resistant core fragment","volume":"277","author":"Godl","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1120269109","article-title":"Calcium and pH-dependent packing and release of the gel-forming MUC2 mucin","volume":"109","author":"Ambort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.88","article-title":"Immunological aspects of intestinal mucus and mucins","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.132","article-title":"Goblet cells as mucosal sentinels for immunity","volume":"10","author":"McGuckin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5802.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24223-3","article-title":"Mucin gel assembly is controlled by a collective action of non-mucin proteins, disulfide bridges, Ca2+-mediated links, and hydrogen bonding","volume":"8","author":"Meldrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G341","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00046.2013","article-title":"Studies of mucus in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon. I. Gastrointestinal mucus layers have different properties depending on location as well as over the Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"305","author":"Ermund","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407597111","article-title":"Microbial-induced meprin \u03b2 cleavage in MUC2 mucin and a functional CFTR channel are required to release anchored small intestinal mucus","volume":"111","author":"Sch\u00fctte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.141481","article-title":"Secreted enteric antimicrobial activity localises to the mucus surface layer","volume":"57","author":"Meyer-Hoffert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2546","article-title":"Paneth cells, antimicrobial peptides and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Bevins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209791","article-title":"The antibacterial lectin RegIIIgamma promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host in the intestine","volume":"334","author":"Vaishnava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.109","article-title":"REG3\u03b3-deficient mice have altered mucus distribution and increased mucosal inflammatory responses to the microbiota and enteric pathogens in the ileum","volume":"7","author":"Loonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22058","article-title":"High-avidity IgA protects the intestine by enchaining growing bacteria","volume":"544","author":"Moor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218831","article-title":"Human \u03b1-defensin 6 promotes mucosal innate immunity through self-assembled peptide nanonets","volume":"337","author":"Chu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1057","article-title":"Anatomical basis of tolerance and immunity to intestinal antigens","volume":"3","author":"Mowat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803124105","article-title":"The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria","volume":"105","author":"Johansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G430","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00405.2011","article-title":"An ex vivo method for studying mucus formation, properties, and thickness in human colonic biopsies and mouse small and large intestinal explants","volume":"302","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.05.031","article-title":"Calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1) controls mucus expansion in colon by proteolytic activity","volume":"33","author":"Nystr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B27","first-page":"598","article-title":"CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands","volume-title":"Nat Med","author":"Lamas","year":"2016"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254766.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254766","article-title":"Small molecules from the human microbiota","volume":"349","author":"Donia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24661","article-title":"A gut bacterial pathway metabolizes aromatic amino acids into nine circulating metabolites","volume":"551","author":"Dodd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17406","article-title":"Lypd8 promotes the segregation of flagellated microbiota and colonic epithelia","volume":"532","author":"Okumura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611400113","article-title":"Gram-positive bacteria are held at a distance in the colon mucus by the lectin-like protein ZG16","volume":"113","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11027","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711395114","article-title":"Resistin-like molecule \u03b2 is a bactericidal protein that promotes spatial segregation of the microbiota and the colonic epithelium","volume":"114","author":"Propheter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01007234","article-title":"Pre-epithelial mucus layer in the colon of conventional and germ-free rats","volume":"22","author":"Szentkuti","year":"1990","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.45.155","article-title":"Histochemical, lectin-histochemical and morphometrical characteristics of intestinal goblet cells of germfree and conventional mice","volume":"45","author":"Kandori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Anim"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5280.1380","article-title":"A model of host-microbial interactions in an open mammalian ecosystem","volume":"273","author":"Bry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.09.002","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of gut microbiota spatial organization","volume":"18","author":"Earle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","article-title":"A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility","volume":"167","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-402","article-title":"Nature of bacterial colonization influences transcription of mucin genes in mice during the first week of life","volume":"5","author":"Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.10.007","article-title":"Normalization of host intestinal mucus layers requires long-term microbial colonization","volume":"18","author":"Johansson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-513-8_13","volume-title":"Mucins: Methods and Protocols","author":"Johansson","year":"2012"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.10.3854-3859.1998","article-title":"Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA from human fecal samples reveals stable and host-specific communities of active bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Zoetendal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00904.x","article-title":"Assessment of microbial diversity in human colonic samples by 16S rDNA sequence analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hold","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201439263","article-title":"The composition of the gut microbiota shapes the colon mucus barrier","volume":"16","author":"Jakobsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.20.6220-6223.2003","article-title":"Metagenomic analyses of an uncultured viral community from human feces","volume":"185","author":"Breitbart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305923110","article-title":"Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non\u2013host-derived immunity","volume":"110","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.01.002","article-title":"Disease-specific alterations in the enteric virome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"160","author":"Norman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B53","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of microbiome in colon tissue from subjects with inflammatory bowel diseases reveals interplay of viruses and bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt040","article-title":"A refined palate: bacterial consumption of host glycans in the gut","volume":"23","author":"Marcobal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.09.007","article-title":"Mucosal glycan foraging enhances fitness and transmission of a saccharolytic human gut bacterial symbiont","volume":"4","author":"Martens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0036-x","article-title":"Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"16","author":"Martens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43452-7","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of oligosaccharides from rat colonic mucus glycoprotein","volume":"255","author":"Slomiany","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws083","article-title":"Detailed O-glycomics of the Muc2 mucin from colon of wild-type, core 1- and core 3-transferase-deficient mice highlights differences compared with human MUC2","volume":"22","author":"Thomsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27025","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.43.27025","article-title":"The glycosylation of rat intestinal Muc2 mucin varies between rat strains and the small and large intestine","volume":"272","author":"Karlsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040605","article-title":"Structural diversity and specific distribution of O-glycans in normal human mucins along the intestinal tract","volume":"384","author":"Robbe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85254.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085254","article-title":"Altered mucus glycosylation in core 1 O-glycan-deficient mice affects microbiota composition and intestinal architecture","volume":"9","author":"Sommer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19030","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1106408108","article-title":"Colonic mucosa-associated microbiota is influenced by an interaction of Crohn disease and FUT2 (Secretor) genotype","volume":"108","author":"Rausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B63","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Advances in Human Genetics","author":"Watkins","year":"1980"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640.","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.9.4640","article-title":"Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human secretor blood group \u03b1(1, 2)fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2)","volume":"270","author":"Kelly","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3468","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq248","article-title":"Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status is associated with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"McGovern","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20113.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020113","article-title":"Secretor genotype (FUT2 gene) is strongly associated with the composition of bifidobacteria in the human intestine","volume":"6","author":"Wacklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B67","first-page":"357","article-title":"FUT2 genotype and secretory status are not associated with fecal microbial composition and inferred function in healthy subjects","volume":"9","author":"Turpin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3290-1","article-title":"ABO antigen and secretor statuses are not associated with gut microbiota composition in 1, 500 twins","volume":"17","author":"Davenport","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.17.9833","article-title":"A molecular sensor that allows a gut commensal to control its nutrient foundation in a competitive ecosystem","volume":"96","author":"Hooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G780","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00010.2007","article-title":"Bacterial symbionts induce a FUT2-dependent fucosylated niche on colonic epithelium via ERK and JNK signaling","volume":"293","author":"Meng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-61","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Faecalibacterium prausnitziiinfluence the production of mucus glycans and the development of goblet cells in the colonic epithelium of a gnotobiotic model rodent","volume":"11","author":"Wrzosek","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142038.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142038","article-title":"Global profiling of carbohydrate active enzymes in human gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D490","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1178","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013","volume":"42","author":"Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080029","article-title":"A genomic view of the human-bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis","volume":"299","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.34.5.529-533.1977","article-title":"Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon","volume":"34","author":"Salyers","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.33.2.319-322.1977","article-title":"Fermentation of mucin and plant polysaccharides by strains of Bacteroides from the human colon","volume":"33","author":"Salyers","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.003","article-title":"Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates","volume":"20","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36269","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M606509200","article-title":"Functional genomic and metabolic studies of the adaptations of a prominent adult human gut symbiont, bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, to the suckling period","volume":"281","author":"Bjursell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1109051","article-title":"Glycan foraging in vivo by an intestine-adapted bacterial symbiont","volume":"307","author":"Sonnenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000902.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000902","article-title":"Muc2 protects against lethal infectious colitis by disassociating pathogenic and commensal bacteria from the colonic mucosa","volume":"6","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3315","article-title":"Citrobacter rodentium: infection, inflammation and the microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38798.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038798","article-title":"Mucin Muc2 deficiency and weaning influences the expression of the innate defense genes Reg3\u03b2, Reg3\u03b3 and Angiogenin-4","volume":"7","author":"Paassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.11.004","article-title":"Bifidobacteria or fiber protects against diet-induced microbiota-mediated colonic mucus deterioration","volume":"23","author":"Schroeder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection","volume":"131","author":"Sluis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.3.353","article-title":"Thickness of adherent mucus gel on colonic mucosa in humans and its relevance to colitis","volume":"35","author":"Pullan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3380-3389.2005","article-title":"Spatial organization and composition of the mucosal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"43","author":"Swidsinski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.02.005","article-title":"The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Gevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.53.1.1","article-title":"Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"53","author":"Tamboli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0003-z","article-title":"Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17004.","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.4","article-title":"Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Halfvarson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0490-5","article-title":"A novel Ruminococcus gnavus clade enriched in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76341.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076341","article-title":"Utilisation of mucin glycans by the human gut symbiont Ruminococcus gnavus is strain-dependent","volume":"8","author":"Crost","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.140","article-title":"The goblet cell-derived mediator RELM-\u03b2 drives spontaneous colitis in Muc2-deficient mice by promoting commensal microbial dysbiosis","volume":"9","author":"Morampudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12695","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri increases mucus thickness and ameliorates dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"217","author":"Ahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy177","article-title":"Oral administration of viable Bifidobacterium pseudolongum strain Patronus modified colonic microbiota and increased mucus layer thickness in rat","volume":"94","author":"Mangin","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02873-0","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium","volume":"54","author":"Derrien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"23","author":"Plovier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90192-2","article-title":"Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin","volume":"108","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313271","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"66","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage","volume":"101","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice","volume":"104","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301689","article-title":"Gut-derived lipopolysaccharide augments adipose macrophage accumulation but is not essential for impaired glucose or insulin tolerance in mice","volume":"61","author":"Caesar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100159","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of commensal bacteria at the early onset of type 2 diabetes: molecular mechanisms and probiotic treatment","volume":"3","author":"Amar","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E740","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00302.2006","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"292","author":"Creely","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t2019021410403240200_goy052-B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Gastroenterology Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gastro\/article-pdf\/7\/1\/3\/27782125\/goy052.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T13:01:42Z","timestamp":1662642102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gastro\/article\/7\/1\/3\/5305718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gastro\/goy052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2052-0034"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-0034","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]}}}