{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:15:38Z","timestamp":1790691338481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Spiders (Araneae) have a diverse spectrum of morphologies, behaviors, and physiologies. Attempts to understand the genomic-basis of this diversity are often hindered by their large, heterozygous, and AT-rich genomes with high repeat content resulting in highly fragmented, poor-quality assemblies. As a result, the key attributes of spider genomes, including gene family evolution, repeat content, and gene function, remain poorly understood. Here, we used Illumina and Dovetail Chicago technologies to sequence the genome of the long-jawed spider Tetragnatha kauaiensis, producing an assembly distributed along 3,925 scaffolds with an N50 of \u223c2 Mb. Using comparative genomics tools, we explore genome evolution across available spider assemblies. Our findings suggest that the previously reported and vast genome size variation in spiders is linked to the different representation and number of transposable elements. Using statistical tools to uncover gene-family level evolution, we find expansions associated with the sensory perception of taste, immunity, and metabolism. In addition, we report strikingly different histories of chemosensory, venom, and silk gene families, with the first two evolving much earlier, affected by the ancestral whole genome duplication in Arachnopulmonata (\u223c450 Ma) and exhibiting higher numbers. Together, our findings reveal that spider genomes are highly variable and that genomic novelty may have been driven by the burst of an ancient whole genome duplication, followed by gene family and transposable element expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T20:40:47Z","timestamp":1637700047000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The <i>Tetragnatha kauaiensis<\/i> Genome Sheds Light on the Origins of Genomic Novelty in Spiders"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-4367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Cerca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley Evolab, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, California, USA"},{"name":"Frontiers in Evolutionary Zoology, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-6318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie E","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley Evolab, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Vizueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica, Microbiologia i Estad\u00edstica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC\u2014Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5830-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitar","family":"Dimitrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bent","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Prost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Research Laboratories, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-9148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Rozas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica, Microbiologia i Estad\u00edstica & Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stanford University, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary G","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley Evolab, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, UC Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2021122213421230500_evab262-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol 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