{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T07:40:50Z","timestamp":1785829250113,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reproductive modes of vertebrates are classified into two major embryonic nutritional types: yolk deposits (i.e., lecithotrophy) and maternal investment (i.e., matrotrophy). Vitellogenin (VTG), a major egg yolk protein synthesized in the female liver, is one of the molecules relevant to the lecithotrophy-to-matrotrophy shift in bony vertebrates. In mammals, all VTG genes are lost following the lecithotrophy-to-matrotrophy shift, and it remains to be elucidated whether the lecithotrophy-to-matrotrophy shift in nonmammalians is also associated with VTG repertoire modification. In this study, we focused on chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes)\u2014a vertebrate clade that underwent multiple lecithotrophy-to-matrotrophy shifts. For an exhaustive search of homologs, we performed tissue-by-tissue transcriptome sequencing for two viviparous chondrichthyans, the frilled shark Chlamydoselachus anguineus and the spotless smooth-hound Mustelus griseus, and inferred the molecular phylogeny of VTG and its receptor very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), across diverse vertebrates. As a result, we identified either three or four VTG orthologs in chondrichthyans including viviparous species. We also showed that chondrichthyans had two additional VLDLR orthologs previously unrecognized in their unique lineage (designated as VLDLRc2 and VLDLRc3). Notably, VTG gene expression patterns differed in the species studied depending on their reproductive mode; VTGs are broadly expressed in multiple tissues, including the uterus, in the two viviparous sharks, and in addition to the liver. This finding suggests that the chondrichthyans VTGs do not only function as the yolk nutrient but also as the matrotrophic factor. Altogether, our study indicates that the lecithotrophy-to-matrotrophy shift in chondrichthyans was achieved through a distinct evolutionary process from mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T10:38:59Z","timestamp":1676889539000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Egg Yolk Protein Homologs Identified in Live-Bearing Sharks: Co-Opted in the Lecithotrophy-to-Matrotrophy Shift?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-9619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Ohishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) , Kobe , Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , Kobe , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shogo","family":"Arimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5354-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koya","family":"Shimoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Science Museum, Tokai University , Shimizu , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Yamauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Husbandry Department, Environmental Aquarium Aquamarine Fukushima , Iwaki , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Horie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Biology, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University , Shimizu, Shizuoka , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8146-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susumu","family":"Hyodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo , Kashiwa , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigehiro","family":"Kuraku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR) , Kobe , Japan"},{"name":"Molecular Life History Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics , Mishima , Japan"},{"name":"Depertment of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies) , Mishima , Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031506560056900_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.12.012","article-title":"Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)","volume":"63","author":"Aschliman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet 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