{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:17:14Z","timestamp":1776770234368,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1824826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1824826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology"},{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Faculty Research Funds"},{"name":"Paul Carpenter Scholars Program"},{"name":"Bryn Athyn College Summer Research Funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>To elucidate the population history of the Caucasus, we conducted a survey of genetic diversity in Samegrelo (Mingrelia), western Georgia. We collected DNA samples and genealogical information from 485 individuals residing in 30 different locations, the vast majority of whom being Mingrelian speaking. From these DNA samples, we generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences for all 485 participants (female and male), Y-short tandem repeat haplotypes for the 372 male participants, and analyzed all samples at nearly 590,000 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) plus around 33,000 on the sex chromosomes, with 27,000 SNP removed for missingness, using the GenoChip 2.0+ microarray. The resulting data were compared with those from populations from Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Near East, and Europe. Overall, Mingrelians exhibited considerable mtDNA haplogroup diversity, having high frequencies of common West Eurasian haplogroups (H, HV, I, J, K, N1, R1, R2, T, U, and W. X2) and low frequencies of East Eurasian haplogroups (A, C, D, F, and G). From a Y-chromosome standpoint, Mingrelians possessed a variety of haplogroups, including E1b1b, G2a, I2, J1, J2, L, Q, R1a, and R1b. Analysis of autosomal SNP data further revealed that Mingrelians are genetically homogeneous and cluster with other modern-day South Caucasus populations. When compared with ancient DNA samples from Bronze Age archaeological contexts in the broader region, these data indicate that the Mingrelian gene pool began taking its current form at least by this period, probably in conjunction with the formation of a distinct linguistic community.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,7]],"date-time":"2023-11-07T23:22:54Z","timestamp":1699399374000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic Analysis of Mingrelians Reveals Long-Term Continuity of Populations in Western Georgia (Caucasus)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore G","family":"Schurr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramaz","family":"Shengelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of the History of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2094-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Shamoon-Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First-year Research Immersion, Binghamton University , Binghamton, New York , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2610-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Chitanava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shorena","family":"Laliashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Laliashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Redate","family":"Kibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History and Social Science, Bryn Athyn College , Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanu","family":"Kume-Kangkolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3098-0342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irakli","family":"Akhvlediani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgian and Caucasus YDNA, Family Tree DNA , Houston, Texas , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Bitadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology , Tbilisi , Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4256-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iain","family":"Mathieson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1603-8022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aram","family":"Yardumian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History and Social Science, Bryn Athyn College , Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023112221132212700_evad198-B1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Conservation of the biological diversity as a prerequisite for sustainable development in the Black Sea Region","author":"Agladze","year":"1998"},{"key":"2023112221132212700_evad198-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109","article-title":"Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome 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