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There is evidence that sexual selection drives the evolution of male-biased gene expression in particular. However, previous research in this area in animals comes from either theoretical models or comparative studies of already old sex chromosomes. We therefore investigated changes in gene expression under 3 different selection regimes for the simultaneous hermaphrodite Macrostomum lignano subjected to sex-limited experimental evolution (i.e. selection for fitness via eggs, sperm, or a control regime allowing both). After 21 and 22 generations of selection for male-specific or female-specific fitness, we characterized changes in whole-organism gene expression. We found that female-selected lines had changed the most in their gene expression. Although annotation for this species is limited, gene ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggest that metabolic changes (e.g. biosynthesis of amino acids and carbon metabolism) are an important adaptive component. As predicted, we found that the expression of genes previously identified as testis-biased candidates tended to be downregulated in the female-selected lines. We did not find any significant expression differences for previously identified candidates of other sex-specific organs, but this may simply reflect that few transcripts have been characterized in this way. In conclusion, our experiment suggests that changes in testis-biased gene expression are important in the early evolution of sex chromosomes and gonochorism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evad235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T16:56:15Z","timestamp":1703782575000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sex-limited experimental evolution drives transcriptomic divergence in a hermaphrodite"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aivars","family":"C\u012brulis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University , 223 62 Lund , Sweden"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Pathology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment \u201cBIOR,\u201d Riga LV-1076 , Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia , Riga LV-1004 , Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna K","family":"Nord\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University , 223 62 Lund , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison M","family":"Churcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Ume\u00e5 University , 901 87 Ume\u00e5 , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A","family":"Ramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University , 33615 Bielefeld , Germany"},{"name":"UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes , 35042 Rennes , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kira S","family":"Zadesenets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics, Cell Biology and Bionformatics, The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russian Federation"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8743-2089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica K","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Lund University , 223 62 Lund , Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2024013111362719200_evad235-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13618","article-title":"The microevolutionary response to male-limited X-chromosome evolution in Drosophila melanogaster reflects macroevolutionary patterns","volume":"33","author":"Abbott","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Evol 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