{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:36:43Z","timestamp":1791387403491,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Reptiles exhibit a variety of modes of sex determination, including both temperature-dependent and genetic mechanisms. Among those species with genetic sex determination, sex chromosomes of varying heterogamety (XX\/XY and ZZ\/ZW) have been observed with different degrees of differentiation. Karyotype studies have demonstrated that Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) have ZZ\/ZW sex determination and this system is likely homologous to the ZZ\/ZW system in the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), but little else is known about their sex chromosomes. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the Gila monster genome. We generated a de novo draft genome assembly for a male using 10X Genomics technology. We further generated and analyzed short-read whole genome sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing data for three males and three females. By comparing female and male genomic data, we identified four putative Z chromosome scaffolds. These putative Z chromosome scaffolds are homologous to Z-linked scaffolds identified in the Komodo dragon. Further, by analyzing RNAseq data, we observed evidence of incomplete dosage compensation between the Gila monster Z chromosome and autosomes and a lack of balance in Z-linked expression between the sexes. In particular, we observe lower expression of the Z in females (ZW) than males (ZZ) on a global basis, though we find evidence suggesting local gene-by-gene compensation. This pattern has been observed in most other ZZ\/ZW systems studied to date and may represent a general pattern for female heterogamety in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evae018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T14:29:47Z","timestamp":1707229787000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Lack of Dosage Balance and Incomplete Dosage Compensation in the ZZ\/ZW Gila Monster (<i>Heloderma suspectum<\/i>) Revealed by De Novo Genome Assembly"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1174-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy H","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT , USA"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Vannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan J","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Zoology, Milwaukee Public Museum , Milwaukee, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Denbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheo","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Yale University , New Haven, CT , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greer A","family":"Dolby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian T","family":"Fiddes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10x Genomics , Pleasanton, CA , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale F","family":"DeNardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ , USA"},{"name":"Center for Mechanisms of Evolution, Biodesign Institute , Tempe, AZ , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024032920174260600_evae018-B1","author":"Alonge"},{"key":"2024032920174260600_evae018-B2","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7833","key":"2024032920174260600_evae018-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2871-y","article-title":"Progressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era","volume":"587","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024032920174260600_evae018-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071612","article-title":"Cytogenetic evidence for sex chromosomes and karyotype evolution in anguimorphan lizards","volume":"10","author":"Augstenov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024032920174260600_evae018-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"evab119","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab119","article-title":"Are geckos special in sex determination? 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