{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:20:22Z","timestamp":1787008822233,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-03451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT-2020-SERIEA-03451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PIP 11220200100296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP 11220200100296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003074","name":"ANPCyT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003074","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Many lizards (Squamata), as well as the tuatara (Rhynchocephalia), are distinguished among vertebrate groups for the presence of the parietal eye, or \u201cthird eye\u201d, a structure derived from the pineal complex containing a simplified retina with photoreceptor cells. The parietal eye expresses nonvisual opsins that differ from the visual opsin repertoire of the lateral eyes. These are pinopsin (OPNP), parapinopsin (OPNPP), and parietopsin (OPNPT), all being evolutionary close to visual opsins. Here, we searched over 60 lepidosaurian genomes for pineal nonvisual opsins to check for the evolutionary trajectory of these genes in reptiles. Unexpectedly, we identified a novel opsin gene, which we termed \u201clepidopsin\u201d (OPNLEP), that is present solely in the genomes of the tuatara and most lizard groups but absent from other vertebrates. Remnants of the gene are found in the coelacanth and some ray-finned fishes, implying that OPNLEP is an ancient opsin that has been repeatedly lost during vertebrate evolution. We found that the tuatara and most lizards of the Iguania, Anguimorpha, Scincoidea, and Lacertidae clades, which possess a parietal eye, harbor all pineal opsin genes. Lizards missing the parietal eye, like geckos, teiids, and a fossorial amphisbaenian, lack most or all pineal nonvisual opsins. In summary, our survey of pineal nonvisual opsins reveals (i) the persistence of a previously unknown ancient opsin gene\u2014OPNLEP\u2014in lepidosaurians; (ii) losses of nonvisual opsins in specific lizard clades; and (iii) a correlation between the presence of a parietal eye and the genomic repertoire of pineal nonvisual opsins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaf058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T18:44:04Z","timestamp":1744051444000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of Pineal Nonvisual Opsins in Lizards and the Tuatara and Identification of Lepidopsin: A New Opsin Gene"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8316-8379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo D","family":"Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FBMC-FCEyN-UBA) , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6725-2873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio S J","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) , Buenos Aires ,","place":["Argentina"]},{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Biolog\u00eda Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FBMC-FCEyN-UBA) , Buenos Aires 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