{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:00:45Z","timestamp":1753876845750,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ohno proposed that, during the origin of X\/Y sex chromosomes from a pair of autosomes, X-linked genes must double their per-allele expressions to compensate for the degeneration of their Y homologs. Whether Ohno's hypothesis holds in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans remains unresolved despite that C. elegans is a model for studying between-sex X chromosome dosage compensation. Genome sequencing revealed independent fusions of an ancestrally autosomal linkage group to the X chromosome in C. elegans and Brugia malayi, two species belonging to different suborders of the order Rhabditida, allowing testing Ohno's hypothesis in repeated origins of neo-X chromosomes from the same autosomal linkage group. For each C. elegans X-linked gene and its autosomal ortholog in Pristionchus pacificus, we computed the X:AA ratio in transcript level and observed a median of \u223c1. The same is true for B. malayi X-linked genes when compared with their autosomal orthologs in Dirofilaria immitis. We find a significant enrichment of presumably dosage-sensitive transcription factor genes among the autosomal genes of P. pacificus (or D. immitis) that become X-linked in C. elegans (or B. malayi), but the results are mixed for other groups of presumably dosage-sensitive genes, providing a partial support to the hypothesis that X upregulation depends on the prevalence of dosage-sensitive genes in the proto-X. We conclude that, unlike the virtual absence of X upregulation at the transcript level in eutherian mammals, Ohno's hypothesis is strongly supported in both nematode lineages investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaf061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T09:20:06Z","timestamp":1743585606000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Repeated Evolution of Transcript Dosage Compensation of Independently Formed Nematode Neo-X Chromosomes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiachen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 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