{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:25:04Z","timestamp":1792441504681,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CN_00000033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CN_00000033"]}]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center\u2014NBFC."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mitochondrial genomes offer valuable insights into biological and phylogenetic processes, yet the factors shaping their architecture across metazoan lineages remain poorly understood, largely due to limited taxonomic sampling. To address this gap, we analyzed mitochondrial genomes from 20 species spanning a broad taxonomic spectrum of the phylum Gastrotricha. Our findings, supported by phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial datasets, reveal two distinct evolutionary patterns: one lineage displays remarkable conservation in genome structure, while the other exhibits variability in gene content, arrangement, strand polarity, and repeat abundance. These contrasting patterns appear to be related to differences in reproductive strategies (hermaphroditism vs. parthenogenesis) and ecological habitats (marine vs. freshwater). While these associations are intriguing, further data are needed to understand the underlying processes. This study highlights the importance of broad phylum-scale mitogenomic sampling for uncovering genomic diversity and advancing our understanding of mitochondrial evolution across Metazoa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evag001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1767962883000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["From Rigid Order to Radical Variation: Mitogenome Evolution in the Main Lineages of a Lesser-Known Animal Phylum (Gastrotricha)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6487-8304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anush","family":"Kosakyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8907-4513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Gammuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology \u201cLazzaro Spallazani,\u201d University of Pavia , Pavia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Cesaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3302-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Saponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9572-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento of Biology, University of Pisa , Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Interdepartmental Center for Electron Microscopy (CIME), University of Pisa , Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Center for Instrument Sharing of the University of Pisa (CISUP), University of Pisa , Pisa ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Niklas","family":"Macher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center , Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University , Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0044-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Wallnoefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Plazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6353-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M Antonio","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Modena ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) , Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2016.09.024","article-title":"Accurate annotation of protein-coding genes in mitochondrial genomes","volume":"106","author":"Al Arab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10231","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500012112","article-title":"Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: colocation for redox regulation of gene expression","volume":"112","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx197","article-title":"Large variation in the ratio of mitochondrial to nuclear mutation rate across animals: implications for genetic diversity and the use of mitochondrial DNA as a molecular marker","volume":"34","author":"Allio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B5","author":"Andrews"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7410.2007.00071.x","article-title":"Living without mitochondria: spermatozoa and spermatogenesis in two species of Urodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from dysoxic sediments","volume":"126","author":"Balsamo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invertebr Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-016-0054-3","article-title":"Neuromuscular study of early branching Diuronotus aspetos (Paucitubulatina) yields insights into the evolution of organs systems in Gastrotricha","volume":"2","author":"Bekkouche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zool Lett"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573","article-title":"Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences","volume":"27","author":"Benson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-0031.2005.00059.x","article-title":"A review of long-branch attraction","volume":"21","author":"Bergsten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.08.023","article-title":"MITOS: improved de novo metazoan mitochondrial genome annotation","volume":"69","author":"Bernt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.21411\/CBM.A.BE136908","article-title":"Three new thiobiotic Gastrotricha","volume":"15","author":"Boaden","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cah Biol Mar"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B13","first-page":"248","volume-title":"The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates","author":"Boaden","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.8.1767","article-title":"Animal mitochondrial genomes","volume":"27","author":"Boore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01824-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial genomes revisited: why do different lineages retain different genes?","volume":"22","author":"Butenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114231","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1114231","article-title":"Mitochondria: it is all about energy","volume":"14","author":"Casanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zlae148","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlae148","article-title":"Gaining and losing on the way: the evolutionary scenario of reproductive diversification in genus Urodasys (Macrodasyida: Gastrotricha) inferred by multi-gene phylogeny","volume":"202","author":"Cesaretti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.70013","article-title":"Improved taxonomic and gene sampling advance the knowledge of deep relationships within Macrodasyida (Gastrotricha)","volume":"41","author":"Cesaretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8891","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP06630C","article-title":"Analysis of DNA interactions and GC content with energy decomposition in large-scale quantum mechanical calculations","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Chem Chem Phys"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.00779.x","article-title":"Computational method to predict mitochondrially imported proteins and their targeting sequences","volume":"241","author":"Claros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033801","article-title":"Patterns of diversity in soft-bodied meiofauna: dispersal ability and body size matters","volume":"7","author":"Curini-Galletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B24","first-page":"141","article-title":"Gastrotricha","volume":"9","author":"D\u2019Hondt","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10543","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz833","article-title":"Improved annotation of protein-coding gene boundaries in metazoan mitochondrial genomes","volume":"47","author":"Donath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"iyad036","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyad036","article-title":"Evolutionary genetics of the mitochondrial genome: insights from Drosophila","volume":"224","author":"Dowling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.03.034","article-title":"A transcriptomic-phylogenomic analysis of the evolutionary relationships of flatworms","volume":"25","author":"Egger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2000.3903","article-title":"Predicting subcellular localization of proteins based on their N-terminal amino acid sequence","volume":"300","author":"Emanuelsson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-01218-7","article-title":"Fragmentation in mitochondrial genomes in relation to elevated sequence divergence and extreme rearrangements","volume":"20","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"IS23059","DOI":"10.1071\/IS23059","article-title":"Molecular phylogenetic position and description of a new genus and species of freshwater Chaetonotidae (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida: Paucitubulatina), and the annotation of its mitochondrial genome","volume":"38","author":"Gammuto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Invertebr Syst"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msv250","article-title":"Shotgun mitogenomics provides a reference phylogenetic framework and timescale for living Xenarthrans","volume":"33","author":"Gibb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2008.62","article-title":"Evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Metazoa as exemplified by comparison of congeneric species","volume":"101","author":"Gissi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heredity (Edinb)"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.02.013","article-title":"Elucidating the phylogenetic position of Gnathostomulida and first mitochondrial genomes of Gnathostomulida, Gastrotricha and Polycladida (Platyhelminthes)","volume":"86","author":"Golombek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btae450","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae450","article-title":"Drawing mitochondrial genomes with circularMT","volume":"40","author":"Goodman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B35","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B36","first-page":"9","article-title":"PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis","volume":"4","author":"Hammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2003.0025","article-title":"Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species","volume":"270","author":"Hebert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2012.00558.x","article-title":"Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems","volume":"42","author":"K\u00e5nneby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zool Scr"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02567-w","article-title":"The economics of organellar gene loss and endosymbiotic gene transfer","volume":"22","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2008.00334.x","article-title":"Novel implications for the basal internal relationships of Gastrotricha revealed by an analysis of morphological characters","volume":"37","author":"Kieneke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zool Scr"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B41","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of zoology. Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia and Gnathifera. Vol. 3: Gastrotricha and Gnathifera","author":"Kieneke","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.12.009","article-title":"Rapid evolution of the compact and unusual mitochondrial genome in the ctenophore, Pleurobrachia bachei","volume":"63","author":"Kohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12424","article-title":"Sweet or salty? The origin of freshwater gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis","volume":"36","author":"Kolicka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlad079","article-title":"A Heterolepidoderma and Halichaetoderma gen. nov. (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotidae) riddle: integrative taxonomy and phylogeny of six new freshwater species from Central Europe","volume":"200","author":"Kri\u017eanov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08048-x","article-title":"Quantifying constraint in the human mitochondrial genome","volume":"635","author":"Lake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.068","article-title":"Spiralian phylogeny informs the evolution of microscopic lineages","volume":"25","author":"Laumer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw195","article-title":"Animal mitochondrial DNA as we do not know it: mt-genome organization and evolution in nonbilaterian lineages","volume":"8","author":"Lavrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2006.00230.x","article-title":"The musculature of three species of gastrotrichs surveyed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)","volume":"87","author":"Leasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Zool"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2008.00974.x","article-title":"The muscular system of Musellifer delamarei (Renaud-Mornant, 1968) and other chaetonotidans with implications for the phylogeny and systematization of the Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha)","volume":"94","author":"Leasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8035","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad647","article-title":"Single-worm long-read sequencing reveals genome diversity in free-living nematodes","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W54","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw413","article-title":"tRNAscan-SE On-line: integrating search and context for analysis of transfer RNA genes","volume":"44","author":"Lowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00251-3","article-title":"Analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences suggests significant molecular differences between Macrodasyida and Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha)","volume":"30","author":"Manylov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Molec Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B54","first-page":"9","article-title":"Sperm ultrastructure of Macrodasys caudatus (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) and a sperm-based phylogenetic analysis of Gastrotricha","volume":"14","author":"Marotta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Meiofauna Mar"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zlae166","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlae166","article-title":"New branch on the tree of life of Gastrotricha: establishment of a new genus for limno-terrestrial species","volume":"203","author":"Minowa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zool J Linn Soc"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146999","article-title":"Comparative analysis of codon usage of mitochondrial genomes provides evolutionary insights into reptiles","volume":"851","author":"Monta\u00f1a-Lozano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145719","article-title":"How are the mitochondrial genomes reorganized in Hexapoda? Differential evolution and the first report of convergences within Hexapoda","volume":"791","author":"Moreno-Carmona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.102954.109","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genome phylogeographic analysis of killer whales (Orcinus orca) indicates multiple species","volume":"20","author":"Morin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2478\/bjmg-2014-0019","article-title":"Aspects of ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis in different populations for understanding human evolution","volume":"17","author":"Nesheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Balkan J Med Genet"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa202","article-title":"Evolution of a record-setting AT-rich genome: indel mutation, recombination, and substitution bias","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2011.12.010","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of Acoelomorpha: evolutionary implications and methodological considerations","volume":"63","author":"Paps","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026893307030107","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of Gastrotricha on the basis of a comparison of the 18S rRNA genes: rejection of the hypothesis of a relationship between Gastrotricha and Nematoda","volume":"41","author":"Petrov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05726-0","article-title":"Palaeogenomics of upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers","volume":"615","author":"Posth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5447-1","article-title":"Gene annotation errors are common in the mammalian mitochondrial genomes database","volume":"20","author":"Prada","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B66","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Die Tierwelt der Nord- und Ostsee","author":"Remane","year":"1927"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B67","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Klassen Ordnungen des Tierreichs, Band 4, Abteilung II, Buch I, Teil 2, Liefrungen 1\u20132","author":"Remane","year":"1936"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(00)02024-2","article-title":"EMBOSS: the European molecular biology open software suite","volume":"16","author":"Rice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"evae254","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evae254","article-title":"Multiple displacement amplification facilitates SMRT sequencing of microscopic animals and the genome of the gastrotrich Lepidodermella squamata (Dujardin 1841)","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"Mrbayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B71","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Microscopic anatomy of invertebrates","author":"Ruppert","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(99)00270-X","article-title":"Evolutionary genomics in Metazoa: the mitochondrial DNA as a model system","volume":"238","author":"Saccone","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2026.01.012","article-title":"Phylogenetic position of Setopus (Gastrotricha, Paucitubulatina) among planktonic Gastrotricha, with the description of a new species","author":"Saponi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zool Anz"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1080\/24750263.2024.2397473","article-title":"A contribution to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Chaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Paucitubulatina, Chaetonotidae), with the description of a new species from Italian inland waters","volume":"91","author":"Saponi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Europ Zoolog J"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/d16010017","article-title":"Status of the Italian freshwater Gastrotricha biodiversity, with the creation of an interactive GIS-based web map","volume":"16","author":"Saponi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diversity (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msg176","article-title":"Rates of gene rearrangement and nucleotide substitution are correlated in the mitochondrial genomes of insects","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.angen.2023.200161","article-title":"Does atp8 exist in the mitochondrial genome of Proseriata (Metazoa: Platyhelminthes)?","volume":"30","author":"Shimada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Gene"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04471-4","article-title":"The metazoan landscape of mitochondrial DNA gene order and content is shaped by selection and affects mitochondrial transcription","volume":"6","author":"Shtolz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-6-31","article-title":"Automated generation of heuristics for biological sequence comparison","volume":"6","author":"Slater","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elv027","article-title":"The past, present and future of mitochondrial genomics: have we sequenced enough mtDNAs?","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brief Funct Genomics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/d17010017","article-title":"First investigation of the marine gastrotrich fauna from the waters of North Tunisia, with the description of a new species of Halichaetonotus (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida)","volume":"17","author":"Souid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diversity (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu143","article-title":"Platyzoan paraphyly based on phylogenomic data supports a noncoelomate ancestry of spiralia","volume":"31","author":"Struck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad023","article-title":"Mitochondrial genome evolution in Annelida\u2014a systematic study on conservative and variable gene orders and the factors influencing its evolution","volume":"72","author":"Struck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W83","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae410","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible, and collaborative data analyses: 2024 update","volume":"52","author":"The Galaxy Community","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1078\/0044-5231-00093","article-title":"The interrelationships of the Gastrotricha using nuclear small rRNA subunit sequence data, with an interpretation based on morphology","volume":"242","author":"Todaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zool Anz"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031740","article-title":"Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle","volume":"7","author":"Todaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/d11070117","article-title":"An introduction to the study of Gastrotricha, with a taxonomic key to families and genera of the group","volume":"11","author":"Todaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diversity (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2024.109097","article-title":"Biodiversity and distribution of marine gastrotricha along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica","volume":"313","author":"Todaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf Sci"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B89","first-page":"467","article-title":"A new species of Urodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from dysoxic sediments of the Santa Barbara Basin (California, USA)","volume":"66","author":"Todaro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull Marine Sci"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-017-0747-7","article-title":"Marine gastrotrichs from Lanzarote, with a description of a phylogenetically relevant species of Urodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida)","volume":"49","author":"Todaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Biodivers"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/14772000.2014.942718","article-title":"A new species, genus and family of marine Gastrotricha from Jamaica, with a phylogenetic analysis of Macrodasyida based on molecular data","volume":"12","author":"Todaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Biodivers"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1080\/24750263.2022.2095048","article-title":"Not too big for its mouth: direct evidence of a macrodasyidan gastrotrich preyed in nature by a dileptid ciliate","volume":"89","author":"Todaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Zool J"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6409.2006.00228.x","article-title":"Interrelationships of the Gastrotricha and their place among the Metazoa inferred from 18S rRNA genes","volume":"35","author":"Todaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zool Scr"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-025-11480-6","article-title":"Enhanced dynamicity: evolutionary insights into amphibian mitogenomes architecture","volume":"26","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5358","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909907117","article-title":"A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome","volume":"117","author":"Yahalomi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj454","article-title":"Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix","volume":"34","author":"Yakovchuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026020210271854900_evag001-B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-6409.2003.00104.x","article-title":"Gastrotricha and metazoan phylogeny","volume":"32","author":"Zrzavy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zool Scr"}],"container-title":["Genome Biology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag001\/66336387\/evag001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/article-pdf\/18\/2\/evag001\/66336387\/evag001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/article-pdf\/18\/2\/evag001\/66336387\/evag001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T15:34:34Z","timestamp":1770046474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag001\/8419271"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dennis N\/A","family":"Lavrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-6653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-6653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"article-number":"evag001"}}