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Here, we explore elements of genome evolution in the hero shrew (Soricidae: Scutisorex somereni): a small, elusive mammal with the most distinctive vertebral column in the entire tree of life. We first assembled and annotated a draft genome from short-read, long-read, and chromosome-conformation-capture sequencing for S. somereni. We combined this genome with publicly available genomes from 30 other mammal species spanning millions of years of evolutionary history to search for genes potentially related to the evolution of the S. somereni axial skeleton. We first performed an orthology clustering analysis to identify gene duplications and single copy orthologs. With orthogroups, we tested for gene family expansion and contraction. The single copy orthologs that we identified were used to test for positive selection or changes in selective constraint in S. somereni compared to the other species considered. We found significant gene family size change in immune, sensory, and metabolic gene families, and identified multiple HOX genes under positive selection that might help explain the evolution of the hero shrew's extreme phenotype. Overall, our study is a critical first step that has highlighted candidate genes and gene families for further genomic exploration, underscoring the continuing challenge of understanding the genomic underpinnings of unusual phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evag048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T12:54:34Z","timestamp":1772283274000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome Evolution and the Enigmatic Axial Skeleton of the Hero Shrew (Soricidae:\n                    <i>Scutisorex Somereni<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0674-9042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin S","family":"Chipps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, IA 50010 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0522-3708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terrence C","family":"Demos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago, IL ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob A","family":"Esselstyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026102211161541300_evag048-B1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zur Entwicklung und Funktion der Lendenwirbels\u00e4ule bei der Panzerspitzmaus Scutisorex somereni (Thomas, 1910)","volume":"43","author":"Ahmed","year":"1978","journal-title":"Z. 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