{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:08:24Z","timestamp":1790168904981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JEU","award":["REFF 2019-T2\/AMB-13166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REFF 2019-T2\/AMB-13166"]}]},{"name":"European Union","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006939","name":"EU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ticks (Ixodida) are the second most important vectors of infectious diseases in vertebrates, after mosquitoes. Beyond vector roles, they maintain mutualistic associations with bacteria, including endosymbionts that provide essential B vitamins lacking in their blood-based diet. The most extensively studied endosymbionts belong to the genera Coxiella, Midichloria, and Francisella. The genus Francisella encompasses endosymbionts (FE), pathogens (FP), opportunistic pathogens (FO) and free-living environmental strains (FL), making it a powerful system for evolutionary and comparative genomic analyses. In this study, total DNA from six adult female ticks of the genera Hyalomma and Amblyomma was sequenced to generate new FE genomes. Seven deeply sequenced public metagenomes were also assembled, yielding 69 Francisella, and as outgroup, three Allofrancisella, a Parafrancisella, and a Pseudofrancisella strains. This dataset supported phylogenomic reconstruction and comparison of genomic features, including vitamin biosynthesis and virulence pathways, with a focus on transitions to tick endosymbiosis. A densely sampled multi-locus sequence typing phylogeny was constructed to explore biogeographic patterns. Our results show that, except for FE, no ecological trait is monophyletic, supporting an origin of Francisella diversity from free-living ancestors. Biogeography suggests Palearctic and Afrotropical FE strains are derived and may involve horizontal transfers. Francisella comparative genomics reveals two contrasting profiles: environmental generalists and host-restricted specialists. These findings reinforce the role of tick FEs as nutritional mutualists, retaining key pathways such as riboflavin, shikimate, and biotin biosynthesis. In contrast, virulence is not ancestrally conserved but an innovation in pathogenic lineages, largely degraded in tick FEs. These results advance understanding of endosymbiont evolution and provide genomic insights with potential for disease control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evag135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:44:24Z","timestamp":1780487064000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic Evolution of\n                    <i>Francisella<\/i>\n                    : Metabolic Innovation, Endosymbiotic Transitions to Ticks, and Biogeographic History"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2995-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan S","family":"Echeverry-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3547-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n , Chill\u00e1n ,","place":["Chile"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7791-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Nava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (EEA Rafaela), Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria , Santa Fe ,","place":["Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0442-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Sassera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia , Pavia ,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo , Pavia ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0068-7669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Vialas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2487-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A Sonia","family":"Olmeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5609-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Valc\u00e1rcel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Reproducci\u00f3n Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan E","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC) , Madrid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Department of Bioscience, University of Milano , Milano 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