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Our results reveal striking contrast in inbreeding: the Bornean subspecies (E.m. borneensis) exhibits the highest level of inbreeding, with \u223c65% of its genome in runs of homozygosity (ROH), and the lowest genome-wide heterozygosity (\u223c46 heterozygous sites per 100\u2005kb). The Sumatran subspecies (E.m. sumatranus) shows intermediate levels of inbreeding (35% ROH) and heterozygosity (\u223c101 sites per 100\u2005kb), while the mainland and Sri Lankan subspecies (E.m indicus and E.m. maximus) display similarly low inbreeding (\u223c10% to 11% ROH) and high heterozygosity (\u223c130 to 134 sites per 100\u2005kb). Notably, when correcting for ROH coverage, heterozygosity levels are comparable across all four subspecies (\u223c136 to 155 sites per 100\u2005kb), indicating that differences in genetic diversity are primarily driven by loss of heterozygosity within ROHs due to inbreeding. Genetic load remains relatively low in all subspecies, especially in highly conserved genomic regions. The high genetic diversity observed in the island-dwelling E.m. maximus subspecies likely reflects historical gene flow linked to intensive human-mediated elephant trade, raising questions about its taxonomic status. Given its high inbreeding, E.m. borneensis represents the highest conservation priority, with genetic rescue as a potential management strategy. This study highlights the urgent need for focused conservation efforts and further genomic research to safeguard the unique genetic diversity and long-term viability of Asian elephants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evag183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:48:09Z","timestamp":1784116089000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Massive Genetic Diversity Loss Within Asian Elephant Subspecies: New Insights for Determining Conservation Priorities"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3668-3953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Kappelhof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Blijdorp Conservation & Science Center, Royal Rotterdam Zoological & Botanical Gardens , Rotterdam ,","place":["The 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