{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:54:40Z","timestamp":1791021280833,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although the social structure of Central Eurasian pastoral nomads has been described as fluid and ad hoc by historians and anthropologists, its potential genetic basis remains poorly understood. To evaluate whether kinship based social organization has biological foundations, we surveyed Kazak populations in Jetisuu, Kazakstan, for genomic diversity with special reference to their kinship structure. We generated genome-wide SNP data (\u223c750\u2005K) using GenoChip microarrays for 80 individuals from four Kazak clans in Jetisuu and 10 Kazaks from other regions. Our results reveal substantial concordance between genetic and genealogical data, with \u223c64% of Jetisuu Kazaks sharing the same Y-chromosome haplotype, indicating they have a common paternal ancestry aligning with clan genealogies. By contrast, maternal lineages show remarkable heterogeneity, thereby reflecting female exogamy. Despite this sex-biased admixture pattern, autosomal SNPs reveal no pronounced population structure in Kazaks, suggesting genetic homogenization through ancient admixture followed by continuous gene flow between Kazak populations. Notably, Jetisuu Kazaks exhibit significantly reduced levels of runs of homozygosity (ROH) compared to their sedentary neighbors such as Turkmens, Tajiks, Uyghurs, and Uzbeks. This genomic signature likely results from clan exogamy, which functions as a biological mechanism to prevent inbreeding and maintain genetic diversity. Our findings demonstrate that nomadic social organization represents a sophisticated example of gene-culture co-evolution, where cultural practices have systematically shaped genetic patterns over centuries. These data provide new insights into historical pastoral nomadic societies and offer a nuanced perspective on anthropological debates about the nature of kinship in Central Eurasian nomads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evag249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:09:39Z","timestamp":1791018579000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Basis of Social Structure in the Pastoral Nomads of Central Eurasia"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5509-5903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayken","family":"Askapuli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin ,","place":["United States of America"]},{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University , Astana, Kazakstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel G","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park , Maryland ,","place":["United States of America"]},{"name":"The Genographic Project, National Geographic Society , Washington DC ,","place":["United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxat","family":"Zhabagin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University , Astana, Kazakstan"},{"name":"National Center for Biotechnology , Astana, Kazakstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaxylyk","family":"Sabitov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Jochi Ulus Studies , Astana, Kazakstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaxybay","family":"Zhumadilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University , Astana, Kazakstan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University , Astana, Kazakstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0715-3432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Ragsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin ,","place":["United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-9237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore G","family":"Schurr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ,","place":["United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hawks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin ,","place":["United States of America"]},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Wisconsin ,","place":["United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naruya","family":"Saitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Genetics , Mishima ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"container-title":["Genome Biology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag249\/71575929\/evag249.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag249\/71575929\/evag249.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:09:39Z","timestamp":1791018579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/gbe\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag249\/8860183"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Huerta-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evag249","relation":{},"ISSN":["1759-6653"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1759-6653","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]]},"article-number":"evag249"}}