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In natural hosts, infection is generally assumed to be nonpathogenic due to a long coevolutionary history between host and virus, although pathogenicity is difficult to study in wild nonhuman primates. We used whole-blood RNA-seq and SIV prevalence from 29 wild Ugandan red colobus (Piliocolobus tephrosceles) to assess the effects of SIV infection on host gene expression in wild, naturally SIV-infected primates. We found no evidence for chronic immune activation in infected individuals, suggesting that SIV is not immunocompromising in this species, in contrast to human immunodeficiency virus in humans. Notably, an immunosuppressive gene, CD101, was upregulated in infected individuals. This gene has not been previously described in the context of nonpathogenic SIV infection. This expands the known variation associated with SIV infection in natural hosts and may suggest a novel mechanism for tolerance of SIV infection in the Ugandan red colobus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T23:19:00Z","timestamp":1557443940000},"page":"1630-1643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Genome-Wide Patterns of Gene Expression in a Wild Primate Indicate Species-Specific Mechanisms Associated with Tolerance to Natural Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noah D","family":"Simons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geeta N","family":"Eick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria J","family":"Ruiz-Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hyeroba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources, and Bio-Security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick A","family":"Omeja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Weny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, 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Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin A","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University Biological Field Station, Fort Portal, Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Anthropology, McGill School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William M","family":"Switzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV\/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony L","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison"},{"name":"Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirstin N","family":"Sterner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Ting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon"},{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2020051920081111500_evz099-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R106.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-10-r106","article-title":"Differential expression analysis for sequence count data","volume":"11","author":"Anders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome 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