{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:38:03Z","timestamp":1772138283708,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,29]],"date-time":"2019-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) is one of the most important nosocomial pathogens worldwide, able to cause multiorgan infections and hospital outbreaks. One of the most widely disseminated lineage of Kp is the clonal group 258 (CG258), which includes the highly resistant \u201chigh-risk\u201d sequence types ST258 and ST11. Genomic investigations revealed that very large recombination events have occurred during the emergence of Kp lineages. A striking example is provided by ST258, which has undergone a recombination event that replaced over 1\u2009Mb of the genome with DNA from an unrelated Kp donor. Although several examples of this phenomenon have been documented in Kp and other bacterial species, the significance of these very large recombination events for the emergence of either hypervirulent or resistant clones remains unclear. Here, we present an analysis of 834 Kp genomes that provides data on the frequency of these very large recombination events (defined as those involving &gt;100 kb), their distribution within the genome, and the dynamics of gene flow within the Kp population. We note that very large recombination events occur frequently, and in multiple lineages, and that the majority of recombinational exchanges are clustered within two overlapping genomic regions, which have been involved by recombination events with different frequencies. Our results also indicate that certain lineages are more likely to act as donors to CG258. Furthermore, comparison of gene content in CG258 and non-CG258 strains agrees with this pattern, suggesting that the success of a large recombination depends on gene composition in the exchanged genomic portion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T15:23:54Z","timestamp":1572017034000},"page":"3240-3251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gene Composition as a Potential Barrier to Large Recombinations in the Bacterial Pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Comandatore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sky Net UNIMI Platform - Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche Luigi Sacco, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Sassera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biotechnology L. Spallanzani, Universita' degli Studi di Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sion C","family":"Bayliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Scaltriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gaiarsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O.C. Microbiologia e Virologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana C","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio ALERTA, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina - EPM, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pongolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Brisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Biodiversity and Epidemiology of Bacterial Pathogens, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward J","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Bandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sky Net UNIMI Platform - Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.140206","article-title":"Genomic definition of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal groups","volume":"20","author":"Bialek-Davenet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133727","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133727","article-title":"Genomic analysis of the emergence and rapid global dissemination of the clonal group 258 Klebsiella pneumoniae pandemic","volume":"10","author":"Bowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B3","first-page":"3146","article-title":"Description of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae sp. nov., isolated from human infections, with two subspecies, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae subsp. nov. and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae subsp. nov., and demonstration that Klebsiella singaporensis is a junior heterotypic synonym of Klebsiella variicola","volume-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol","author":"Brisse","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03821.x","article-title":"Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Cant\u00f2n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-13-16","article-title":"Molecular characterization of clinical multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"3","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01355-14","article-title":"Epidemic Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 is a hybrid strain","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33.","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6601a7","article-title":"Pan-resistant New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae\u2014Washoe County, Nevada, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B8"},{"issue":"4","key":"2019112009002858300_evz236-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01550-14","article-title":"The emergence of bacterial \u201chopeful 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