{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:44:41Z","timestamp":1790754281623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The only known elements encoding enterotoxins in coagulase-negative staphylococci are composite Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenicity islands (SePIs), including SePI and S.\u00a0epidermidis composite insertion (SeCI) regions. We investigated 1545 Staphylococcus spp. genomes using whole-genome MLST, and queried them for genes of staphylococcal enterotoxin family and for 29 ORFs identified in prototype SePI from S.\u00a0epidermidis FRI909. Enterotoxin-encoding genes were identified in 97% of Staphylococcus aureus genomes, in one Staphylococcus argenteus genome and in nine S.\u00a0epidermidis genomes. All enterotoxigenic S.\u00a0epidermidis strains carried composite SePI, encoding sec and sel enterotoxin genes, and were assigned to a discrete wgMLST cluster also containing genomes with incomplete islands located in the same region as complete SePI in enterotoxigenic strains. Staphylococcus epidermidis strains without SeCI and SePI genes, and strains with complete SeCI and no SePI genes were identified but no strains were found to carry only SePI and not SeCI genes. The systematic differences between SePI and SeCI regions imply a lineage-specific pattern of inheritance and support independent acquisition of the two elements in S. epidermidis. We provided evidence of reticulate evolution of mobile elements that contain elements with different putative ancestry, including composite SePI that contains genes found in other coagulase-negative staphylococci (SeCI), as well as in S.\u00a0aureus (SePI-like elements). We conclude that SePI-associated elements present in nonenterotoxigenic S.\u00a0epidermidis represent a scaffold associated with acquisition of virulence-associated genes. Gene exchange between S.\u00a0aureus and S.\u00a0epidermidis may promote emergence of new pathogenic S.\u00a0epidermidis clones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T12:07:44Z","timestamp":1574683664000},"page":"3498-3509","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Composite Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenicity Islands"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Banaszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica K","family":"Calland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, United 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