{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:23:18Z","timestamp":1791080598350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]],"date-time":"1994-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":786240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mulinia lateralis, the dwarf surfclam, is a suitable model for bivalve genetics because it is hardy and has a short generation time. In this study, gynogenetic and triploid M. lateralis were successfully induced. For gynogenesis, eggs were fertilized with sperm irradiated with ultraviolet light and subsequently treated with cytochalasin B to block the release of the second polar body (PB2). Triploidy was induced by blocking PB2 in normally fertilized eggs. The survival of gynogenetic diploids was very low, only 0.7% to 8 days post-fertilization (PF), compared with 15.2% in the triploid groups and 27.5% in the normal diploid control. Larvae in all groups metamorphosed at 8-10 days PF, and there was no significant post-larval mortality. At sexual maturation (2-3 months PF), all gynogenetic diploids were female, and there was no significant difference (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in sex ratio between diploids and triploids. These results suggested that the dwarf surfclam may have an XX-female, XY-male sex determination with Y-domination. Compared with diploids, triploids had a relative fecundity of 59% for females and 80% for males. Eggs produced by triploid females were 53% larger (P &amp;lt; 0.001) in volume than those from diploid females. In both length and weight measurements at three months PF, the gynogenetic diploids were not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.33) different from normal diploid females, suggesting that inbreeding depression was minimal in meiosis II gynogens. Triploid clams were significantly larger (P &amp;lt; 0.001) than normal diploids. We hypothesize that the increased body-size in triploids was caused by a polyploid gigantism due to the increased cell volume and a lack of cell-number compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.4.1199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T16:07:31Z","timestamp":1610554051000},"page":"1199-1206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Sex determination and polyploid gigantism in the dwarf surfclam (Mulinia lateralis Say)."],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"X","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"S K","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"container-title":["Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/1199\/34600852\/genetics1199.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/138\/4\/1199\/34600852\/genetics1199.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T15:30:58Z","timestamp":1619105458000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/138\/4\/1199\/6012639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/138.4.1199","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,12,1]]}}}