{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:33:54Z","timestamp":1791084834391,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]],"date-time":"2002-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1014940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Over 80% of reported cases of Lyme disease in the United States occur in coastal regions of northeastern and mid-Atlantic states. The genetic structure of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) and its main tick vector (Ixodes scapularis) was studied concurrently and comparatively by sampling natural populations of I. scapularis ticks along the East Coast from 1996 to 1998. Borrelia is genetically highly diverse at the outer surface protein ospC. Since Borrelia is highly clonal, the ospC alleles can be used to define clones. A newly designed reverse line blotting (RLB) assay shows that up to 10 Borrelia clones can infect a single tick. The clone frequencies in Borrelia populations are the same across the Northeast. On the other hand, I. scapularis populations show strong regional divergence (among northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and southern states) as well as local differentiation. The high genetic diversity within Borrelia populations and the disparity in the genetic structure between Borrelia and its tick vector are likely consequences of strong balancing selection on local Borrelia clones. Demographically, both Borrelia and I. scapularis populations in the Northeast show the characteristics of a species that has recently expanded from a population bottleneck. Major geological and ecological events, such as the last glacial maximum (18,000 years ago) and the modern-day expansion of tick habitats, are likely causes of the observed \u201cfounder effects\u201d for the two organisms in the Northeast. We therefore conclude that the genetic structure of B. burgdorferi has been intimately shaped by the natural history of its main vector, the northern lineage of I. scapularis ticks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T05:48:37Z","timestamp":1619588917000},"page":"833-849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Geographic Uniformity of the Lyme Disease Spirochete (<i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>) and Its Shared History With Tick Vector (<i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>) in the Northeastern United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Wei-Gang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E","family":"Dykhuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J","family":"Luft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Health Science Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8153"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010508464537500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/158.3.1383","article-title":"Improving the estimation of bacterial allele frequencies","volume":"158","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R2","volume-title":"BIOMstat: Statistical Software for Biologists","author":"Applied Biostatistics","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2307\/3545516","article-title":"Molecular population structure and the biogeo-graphic history of a regional fauna: a case history with lessons for conservation biology","volume":"63","author":"Avise","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-1-167","article-title":"Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis","volume":"46","author":"Balmelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-3-378","article-title":"Delineation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii sp. nov., and Group VS461 associated with Lyme borreliosis","volume":"42","author":"Baranton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R6","first-page":"850","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of the aetiological agents of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"110","author":"Baranton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8503006","article-title":"The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease","volume":"260","author":"Barbour","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.10034","article-title":"Phylogeny of hard- and softtick taxa (Acari: Ixodida) based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences","volume":"91","author":"Black","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R9","volume-title":"The DIG System User's Guide for Filter Hybridization","author":"Mannheim","year":"1995"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008525","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies for identification of Borrelia afzelii sp. nov. associated with late cutaneous manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"25","author":"Canica","year":"1993","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2000.01698.x","article-title":"A bacterial genome in flux: the twelve linear and nine circular extrachromosomal DNAs in an infectious isolate of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"35","author":"Casjens","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.629","article-title":"Reported distribution of Icodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Dennis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02066-2","article-title":"The implications of a low rate of horizontal transfer in Borrelia","volume":"9","author":"Dykhuizen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10163","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi is clonal: implications for taxonomy and vaccine development","volume":"90","author":"Dykhuizen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-5809(72)90035-4","article-title":"The sampling theory of selectively neutral alleles","volume":"3","author":"Ewens","year":"1972","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/136.1.343","article-title":"Using allele frequencies and geographic subdivision to reconstruct gene trees within a species: molecular variance parsimony","volume":"136","author":"Excoffier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.479","article-title":"Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA data","volume":"131","author":"Excoffier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/37551","article-title":"Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"390","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.411-414.2000","article-title":"Inhibition of Borrelia burgdorferi migration from the midgut to the salivary glands following feeding by ticks on OspC-immunized mice","volume":"68","author":"Gilmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.652-656.1996","article-title":"Multiple infection of Ixodes scapularis ticks by Borrelia burgdorferi as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis","volume":"34","author":"Guttman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1961","article-title":"Genetic traces of ancient demography","volume":"95","author":"Harpending","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/bijl.1996.0035","article-title":"Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation","volume":"58","author":"Hewitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/35016000","article-title":"The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages","volume":"405","author":"Hewitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.16.3637","article-title":"\u2018Cold SSCP\u2019: a simple, rapid and non-radioactive method for optimized single-stranded conformation polymorphism analyses","volume":"21","author":"Hongyo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.6.827","article-title":"Multivariate morphometric discrimination of nymphal and adult forms of the blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae), a principal vector of the agent of Lyme disease in eastern North America","volume":"32","author":"Hutcheson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06861.x","article-title":"Rapid typing of group A streptococci by the use of DNA amplification and non-radioactive allele-specific oligonucle-otide probes","volume":"119","author":"Kaufhold","year":"1994","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1993.tb01714.x","article-title":"Genomic analysis of Borrelia japonica sp. nov. isolated from Ixodes ovatus in Japan","volume":"37","author":"Kawabata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.297","article-title":"Ixodes (Ixodes) scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae): redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance","volume":"33","author":"Keirans","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/149.1.429","article-title":"Maximum likelihood estimation of population growth rates based on the coalescent","volume":"149","author":"Kuhner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.4.1169-1174.1998","article-title":"Differential transmission of the genospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by game birds and small rodents in England","volume":"64","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.36.010191.003103","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis: relation of its causative agent to its vectors and hosts in North America and Europe","volume":"36","author":"Lane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-196812000-00014","volume-title":"Ancient Environment","author":"Laporte","year":"1968"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-921","article-title":"Characterization of Borrelia lusitaniae sp. nov. by 16S ribo-somal DNA sequence analysis","volume":"47","author":"Le Fleche","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025554","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny and the reconstruction of the population history of a species: the case of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasi0-colus)","volume":"13","author":"Magoulas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R35","first-page":"2548","article-title":"Genetic population structure and gradual northward decline of genetic variability in the greenfinch (Carduelis chloris)","volume":"50","author":"Maril\u00e4","year":"1996","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.98","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity of Borrelia burg-dorferi in the United States","volume":"175","author":"Mathiesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/351652a0","article-title":"Adaptive protein evolution at the Adh locus in Drosophila","volume":"351","author":"McDonald","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.26.110195.002105","article-title":"Historical biogeography: introduction to methods","volume":"26","author":"Morrone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01146-5","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"352","author":"Nadelman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/135.4.1209","article-title":"Application of a random walk model to geographic distributions of animal mitochondrial DNA variation","volume":"135","author":"Neigel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R41","volume-title":"Systematics and Biogeography: Cladistics and Vicariance","author":"Nelson","year":"1981"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.1.78","article-title":"Population genetics of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) based on mitochondrial 16S and 12S genes","volume":"33","author":"Norris","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.9.2359-2364.1997","article-title":"Culturing selects for specific genotypes of Borrelia burgdorferi in an enzootic cycle in Colorado","volume":"35","author":"Norris","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.699","article-title":"Population genetics and phylogenetic analysis of Colorado Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"60","author":"Norris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.2307\/3284201","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in the southern United States: a review","volume":"82","author":"Oliver","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.54","article-title":"Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and I. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"30","author":"Oliver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.120-124.2000","article-title":"Isolation, cultivation, and characterization of Borrelia burgdorferi from rodents and ticks in the Charleston area of South Carolina","volume":"38","author":"Oliver","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20131998","volume":"49","author":"Orloski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99014.x","article-title":"Biodiversity and disease risk: the case of Lyme disease","volume":"14","author":"Ostfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.5.336","article-title":"Ability of Ixodes scapularis, Derma-centor variabilis, and Amblyomma ammericanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi)","volume":"25","author":"Piesman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R51","first-page":"91","article-title":"Geographic survey of vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus) for infection with the Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"24","author":"Piesman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3497-3504.1998","article-title":"Expanded diversity among Californian Borrelia isolates and description of Borrelia bissettii sp. nov. (Formerly Borrelia Group DN117)","volume":"36","author":"Postic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R53","volume-title":"Evolutionary Biology of Parasites","author":"Price","year":"1980"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1997.00203.x","article-title":"A population genetic study of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto from eastern Long Island, New York, suggested frequency-dependent selection, gene flow and host adaptation","volume":"127","author":"Qiu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025634","article-title":"Excess amino acid polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA: contrasts among genes from Drosophila, mice and humans","volume":"13","author":"Rand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.2.499","article-title":"Methods for estimating gene frequencies and detecting selection in bacterial populations","volume":"155","author":"Rannala","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-1112","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, a bacterial species \u201cMade in the U. S. A.\u201d?","volume":"47","author":"Ras","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04456.x","article-title":"An exact test for population differentiation","volume":"49","author":"Raymond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.14.6284","article-title":"Distribution of the Ixodes ricinus-like ticks of eastern North America","volume":"92","author":"Rich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.12.3091-3095.1995","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and genotyping of three genomic groups of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks by characterization of the amplified intergenic spacer region between 5S and 23S rRNA genes","volume":"33","author":"Rijpkema","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R61","first-page":"552","article-title":"Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences","volume":"9","author":"Rogers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/15.2.174","article-title":"DnaSP version 3: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis","volume":"15","author":"Rozas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R63","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Pleistocene glaciations, fluctuating ranges, and low genetic variability in a large mammal (Ovis dalli)","volume":"40","author":"Sage","year":"1986","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.16.6230","article-title":"Genetic analysis of amplified DNA with immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes","volume":"86","author":"Saiki","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.901","article-title":"Coinfection of blacklegged ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Dutchess County, New York, with the agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"35","author":"Schauber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R66","volume-title":"Arlequin","author":"Schneider","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R67","first-page":"167","article-title":"Ticks and Borrelia: model systems for investigat-ing pathogen-arthropod interactions","volume":"5","author":"Schwan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Dis."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.382-388.2000","article-title":"Temporal changes in Outer Surface Proteins A and C of the Lyme disease-associated spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, during the chain of infection in ticks and mice","volume":"38","author":"Schwan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3518-3524.1999","article-title":"Four clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto cause invasive infection in humans","volume":"67","author":"Seinost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R70","first-page":"71","article-title":"An exact test for neutrality based on Ewens sampling distribution","volume":"64","author":"Slatkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/129.2.555","article-title":"Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations","volume":"129","author":"Slatkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R72","first-page":"788","article-title":"\u201cCheckerboard\u201d DNA-DNA hybridization","volume":"17","author":"Socransky","year":"1994","journal-title":"BioTech-niques"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R73","volume-title":"Biology of Ticks","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1993"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.123","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi in eastern Virginia: comparison between a coastal and inland locality","volume":"53","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.30.010185.002255","article-title":"Ecology of Ixodes Dammini-borne human babesiosis and Lyme disease","volume":"30","author":"Spielman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/123.3.585","article-title":"Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism","volume":"123","author":"Tajima","year":"1989","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980126","article-title":"The name Ixodes dammini epidemiologically justified","volume":"4","author":"Telford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209","article-title":"A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks, Ixodes dammini","volume":"3","author":"Telford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/140.2.767","article-title":"Separating population structure from population history: a cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum","volume":"140","author":"Templeton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5423.2116","article-title":"The evolution of species interactions","volume":"284","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-47-4-926","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia valaisiana sp. nov. (Borrelia Genomic Groups VS116 and M19)","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/151.1.15","article-title":"Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/88.2.405","article-title":"The homozygosity test of neutrality","volume":"88","author":"Watterson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10221","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.10221","article-title":"Investigation of the validity of species status of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) using rDNA","volume":"90","author":"Wesson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010508464537500_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.002501","article-title":"Vicariance biogeography","volume":"19","author":"Wiley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."}],"container-title":["Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/160\/3\/833\/42037077\/genetics0833.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article-pdf\/160\/3\/833\/42037077\/genetics0833.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T08:49:54Z","timestamp":1641372594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/genetics\/article\/160\/3\/833\/6052526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/160.3.833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-2631"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-2631","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,1]]}}}