{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1791158124012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]],"date-time":"2002-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1028160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the seven recognized species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, A. gambiae s.s. is the most widespread and most important vector of malaria. It is becoming clear that, in parts of West Africa, this nominal species is not a single panmictic unit. We found that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the X-linked rDNA has two distinct sequences with three fixed nucleotide differences; we detected no heterozygotes at these three sites, even in areas of sympatry of the two ITS types. The intergenic spacer (IGS) of this region also displays two distinct sequences that are in almost complete linkage disequilibrium with the distinct ITS alleles. We have designated these two types as S\/type I and M\/type II. These rDNA types correspond at least partly to the previously recognized chromosomal forms. Here we expand the geographic range of sampling to 251 individuals from 38 populations. Outside of West Africa, a single rDNA type, S\/type I, corresponds to the Savanna chromosomal form. In West Africa, both types are often found in a single local sample. To understand if these findings might be due to unusual behavior of the rDNA region, we sequenced the same region for 46 A. arabiensis, a sympatric sibling species. No such distinct discontinuity was observed for this species. Autosomal inversions in one chromosome arm (2R), an insecticide resistance gene on 2L, and this single X-linked region indicate at least two genetically differentiated subpopulations of A. gambiae. Yet, rather extensive studies of other regions of the genome have failed to reveal genetic discontinuity. Evidently, incomplete genetic isolation exists within this single nominal species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/161.4.1561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T04:51:42Z","timestamp":1619153502000},"page":"1561-1578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Genetic Differentiation in the African Malaria Vector,<i>Anopheles gambiae<\/i>s.s., and the Problem of Taxonomic Status"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Gentile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Biologia, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cTor Vergata,\u201d 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"della Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Parassitologia Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza,\u201d 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertha","family":"Maegga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, Tukuyu Research Station, Tukuyu, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalgisa","family":"Caccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106"},{"name":"Yale Institute for Biospherics Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022010517423610100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.4553","volume-title":"Introgressive Hybridization.","author":"Anderson","year":"1949"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195099744.001.0001","volume-title":"Natural Hybridization and Evolution.","author":"Arnold","year":"1997"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R3","first-page":"109","article-title":"Hybrid zones and speciation","volume-title":"Evolution and Speciation","author":"Barton","year":"1981"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.15.6885","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors","volume":"91","author":"Besansky","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/147.4.1817","article-title":"Patterns of mitochondrial variation within and between African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, suggest extensive gene flow","volume":"147","author":"Besansky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00040.x","article-title":"Evolution of the mitochondrial DNA control region in the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"5","author":"Caccone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.1994.1013","article-title":"Root probabilities for intraspecific gene trees under neutral coalescent theory","volume":"3","author":"Castelloe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. 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Zool."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R17","first-page":"167","article-title":"The five mating types of the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"13","author":"Davidson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rivista di Malariologia"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R18","first-page":"121","article-title":"The crossing and chromosome characteristics of a new sixth species in the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"15","author":"Davidson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/146.1.239","article-title":"Selective introgression of paracentric inversions between two sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"146","author":"della Torre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2001.00235.x","article-title":"Molecular evidence of incipient speciation within Anopheles gambiae s.s. in West Africa","volume":"10","author":"della Torre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Insect Mol. 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Probab."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.1.70","article-title":"Spatial and habitat distribution of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in Banambani Village, Mali","volume":"39","author":"Edillo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10315","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10315","article-title":"Polymorphisms detected by random PCR distinguishes between different chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae","volume":"91","author":"Favia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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Entomol."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2583.2000.00209.x","article-title":"Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids","volume":"9","author":"Ranson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Insect Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.2.743","article-title":"Gene flow among populations of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, in Mali, West Africa","volume":"157","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/132.2.619","article-title":"A cladistic analysis of phenotypic associations with haplotypes inferred from restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequence data. III. 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Biol."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/231184a0","article-title":"Chromosomal evidence for natural interspecific hybridization by mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex","volume":"231","author":"White","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(74)90035-2","article-title":"Anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in Africa","volume":"68","author":"White","year":"1974","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2022010517423610100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2001.00335.x","article-title":"The genic view of the process of speciation","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Evol. 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